At What Schools Near Me Can I Learn Cryptography

Education Ministry of Bashkortostan Republic

State Budget Vocational Educational Institution

Oktyabrsky Oil College named after S.I. Kuvykin

English educational-methodical manual

for all specialities (II course)

" English Textbook"

Worked out by

G.Y. Garipova

Oktyabrsky

2016

Содержание

1. Education. Informal and formal education. Education in Russia, the UK and the USA. Vocational education.

2. Scientific progress. Science and scientists. Science and technology. Conversation about computers.

3. Mass media. Television. Radio. Newspapers. The Internet. Conversation about advertising.

4. Nature and the Human. Environmental pollution. Radiation. Weather. Weather forecast.

5. State administration. Law institutions.

Unit 1

Education. Informal and formal education

Education in Russia, the UK and the USA

Vocational education

1. Read the following words and translate them into Russian. Read the text.

learning experience –

in the broadest sense –

to learn skills –

to gain knowledge –

daily life –

with good manners –

to pass an exam –

to be in charge of –

to expect –

compulsory –

junior, senior –

vocational education –

gifted, physically or mentally handicapped –

intelligent –

to transmit cultural heritage –

further education –

by correspondence –

FORMAL AND INFORMAL EDUCATION

Education includes different kinds of learning experiences. Education is the ways in which people learn skills, gain knowledge and understanding about the world and about themselves. There are two types of education – formal and informal.

Informal education involves people in learning during their daily life. For example, children learn their language simply by hearing and by trying to speak themselves. In the same informal manner they learn to dress themselves, to eat with good manners, to ride a bike or to make a telephone call. Education is also informal when people get information or learn skills on their own initiative without a teacher. To do so they may visit a book shop, library or museum. They may watch a television show, look at a video tape, or listen to a radio programme. They do not have to pass tests or exams.

Formal education is the instruction given at different kinds of schools, colleges, universities. In most countries people enter a system of formal education during their early childhood. In this type of education, the people, who are in charge, decide what to teach. Then learners study those things with the teacher at the head. Teachers expect learners to come to school regularly and on time, to work at about the same speed as their classmates, and to pass tests and exams. Learners have to pass exams to show how well they have progressed in their learning. At the end of their learning leaners may earn a diploma, a certificate, or a degree as a mark of their success over the years.

The school systems of all modern nations provide both general and vocational education. Most countries also prefer special educational programs for gifted or for physically or mentally handicapped children. Adult education programmes are provided for people who wish to take up their education after leaving school. Most countries spend a large amount of time and money for formal education of their citizens.

1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is informal education?

2. What is formal education?

3. Where do we get informal education?

4. Do we have to pass tests and exams in formal education?

5. What are the differences between the formal and informal education?

2. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. Образование – это способы, при помощи которых люди обучаются различных навыкам, получают знания о себе и окружающем мире.

2. Люди вовлекаются в неофициальное образование в течение их повседневной жизни.

3. Иногда люди по своей собственной инициативе учатся различным навыкам или получают информацию о чем-нибудь.

4. Официальное образование можно получить в различных школах, колледжах и университетах.

5. Учащиеся должны регулярно посещать школу, приходить вовремя.

6. Они также должны сдавать экзамены, чтобы показать, чему они научились.

2. Read the text and do the activities below.

EDUCATION IN BRITAIN

Many British children start school at the age 3 or 4 if there is a play school near their house. All children start primary school by the age of 5. Some parents pay for their children to attend a private school but all children have the right to go to a state school which is free.

Later they will go to a secondary school until they are 16 or 18. Some students choose to continue their further education at a university or polytechnic where they can study academic subjects. Other students choose to go to a college where they can study more practical subjects like art or engineering.

1. Translate the following words into English.

бесплатный, игровая школа, средняя школа, дальнейшее образование, начальная школа, иметь право, частная школа

2. Answer the questions.

1. What is the first school a child can attend?

2. If a child is 8 years old what sort of a school is he / she attending in Britain?

3. Is it necessary to pay to attend state school?

4. At what age does a student leave secondary school?

5. Where does someone go to study history?

3. Read and translate the dialogue. Act it out.

THE CONVERSATION ABOUT THE EDUCATION IN THE UK

• Hi, Andrew! Aren't you in a hurry? Let's revise the material for the English classes.

• Hi, Danil! With pleasure. As far as I remember we are to get information about educational system in the UK.

• You are absolutely right. First of all, we should memorize that the system of education in Britain is divided into three stages: primary, secondary and further education.

• And don't forget that there are state and private schools in the UK.

• Good for you. But you see, about 93 percent of British children go to state-assisted schools. As far as I know, both primary and secondary education between the ages of 5 and 16 is compulsory in Britain.

• Yes, I agree with you. And at the age of 15 and 16 pupils take an examination called the General Certificate of Secondary Education, abbreviated GCSE.

• Sorry for interrupting you. I want to add, that most pupils, who stay in school beyond the age of 16, prepare for the General Certificate of Education examination at Advanced level, A-level. It is abbreviated GCE. Well, and what about higher education?

• I know exactly, that British universities are not part of the public system if education.

• Right! They are independent corporations, but they are mainly supported by public funds.

• And have you heard about Open University?

• Yes, it is unique in providing degree courses by correspondence for students working in their own homes. They are supported by books and broadcasts.

• Oh, you know so much about is.

• Thanks for your assistance.

• It was no trouble at all.

4. Read the dialogue and translate sentences from Russian into English.

CONVERSATION ABOUT THE EDUCATION IN THE USA

Alex, a Russian student, is talking with James Mitchell, an American from Las Vegas, Nevada. Their conversation is about the education in the USA.

• Мистер Митчелл, какая система образования в вашей стране?

• You see, the US system has no national education system. Instead each state is responsible for organizing and regulating its own system of education. There are common elements in the separate state systems, however.

• И какие же это общие черты (элементы)?

• Well, formal education is divided into the following stages: elementary, secondary and higher education. School attendance is compulsory in every state.

• Есть ли частные школы в США?

• The state provides schooling at all stages of education, but parents can send their children to private schools.

• Мистер Митчелл, у вас есть дети? Какую школу они посещают?

• Oh, Alex, I have a daughter, a nice girl, Chelsea by name. She attends a private school.

• Мистер Митчелл, а какая разница между « high schools » и « higher schools »?

• A great one. High schools, junior and senior, provide secondary education. Most of them prefer both general and vocational courses of study. And higher schools provide higher learning.

• Мистер Митчелл, извините, что перебиваю вас… А в каких образовательных заведениях можно получить высшее образование?

• Places of higher learning include community and junior colleges, technical institutes, universities and separate professional schools.

• Спасибо огромное. Очень хочется побывать у вас в стране.

5. Read the text and answer the questions below. Write down the summary of the text.

GENERAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

General education aims at producing intelligent, responsible, well-informed citizens. It is designed to transmit a common cultural heritage rather than to develop trained specialists.

Almost all elementary education is general education. In every country primary school pupils are taught skills they will use throughout their life, such as reading, writing and arithmetic. They also receive instruction in different subjects, including geography, history, etc. In most countries almost all young people continue their general education in secondary schools.

The aim of vocational education is primarily to prepare the students for a job. Some secondary schools are vocational secondary schools, where students are taught more technical subjects, such as carpentry, metalwork and electronics. Technical school students are required to take some general education courses and vocational training. Universities and separate professional schools prepare students for careers in such fields as agriculture, architecture, business, engineering, law, medicine, music, teaching, etc.

Answer the questions.

1. What is general education? Where do we get general education?

2. What is the aim of vocational education? Where can we get vocational education?

3. What is the difference between general and vocational education?

6. Read the text and do the activities below.

UNIVERSITY LIFE IN BRITAIN

The University of Oxford is a collection of colleges. Some of these colleges were founded hundreds of years ago. "The University" is only an administration centre which arranges lectures for all the students of the colleges, holds examinations and gives degrees.

Every college has students of all kinds; it has its medical students, its engineers, its art students, etc.

The Tutorial system is one of the ways in which Oxford and Cambridge differ from all other English universities. Every student has a tutor who plans his work. Each week some students come to see him and he discusses with them the work which they have done. This system has its own advantages.

The academic year in England is divided into three terms, which usually run from about the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March and from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July.

Terminal examinations are held at the end of the autumn, spring and summer terms. Final examinations are taken at the end of the course of studies. If a student fails in an examination he may be allowed to take the exam again. Only two re-examinations are usually allowed. For a break off discipline a student can be fined a sum of money, for a serious offence he may be expelled from the university.

British universities usually keep to the customs of the past. Upon graduation at Oxford University all the students have to wear long gowns and "students' caps".

1. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English.

проводить экзамены, семестр, исключать, пересдача, система наставничества, учебный год, основан, провалить экзамен, серьезный проступок, организовывать лекции, нарушение дисциплины, выпуск, наставник.

2. Say whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Every university in Britain has a tutorial system.

2. The academic year in England is divided into 2 terms.

3. The University of Oxford consists of one big university.

4. Final examinations are taken at the end of the course of studies.

5. If a student fails at his exam, he is expelled. He can't have reexaminations.

7. Read the text and translate it.

AN AMERICAN COLLEGE / UNIVERSITY

The period of study in an American college or university is four years. Each year comprises two terms or semesters. The first, or fall term, usually begins the last week of August and continues until the middle of December with approximately four weeks intermission for the Christmas holidays.

The second semester begins in January and continues until the end of May. The students are usually given three to five days for the Easter holidays. In addition to the regular academic year, many colleges offer courses of study during the summer months. These sessions are attended by students who are interested in making up the coursework or by those who would like to accelerate their program.

The average student is expected to take 15 or 16 credits each semester. In this way he may earn 32 credits during the academic year. When the student has accumulated more than 30 credits he passes to the next class and becomes a second-year student or sophomore. After a student has successfully completed four years of study and acquired 124 or 150 credits he becomes a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Art or Bachelor of Science and is ready for graduation.

1. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English.

включать в себя, бакалавр наук, средний, зачет, перерыв, помимо, студент-второкурсник, пасхальные каникулы, окончание учебного заведения, осенний семестр, приобрести, бакалавр искусств, ускорять, рождество, успешно.

2. Answer the questions.

1. How long do American students study at college?

2. How many terms are there in an academic year?

3. Who is a sophomore?

4. How many credits do the students have to get to pass to the next class?

5. What degrees can students get at the end of their education?

8. Make up the table comparing the educational systems in Russia, the UK and the USA.

9. Read the text and do the activities below.

Vocabulary notes

applicant – абитуриент

principal – директор

department – отделение

monitor – староста

student membership card – студенческий билет

student record book – зачетная книжка

library card – читательский билет

to cope with the work – справляться с работой

to lag behind the group – отставать от группы

to fail at the exam – провалиться на экзамене

society – общество, кружок

to pass entrance exams – сдать вступительные экзамены

OKTYABRSKY OIL COLLEGE

The merry-go-round of college life is something that you never forget. It is a fantastic experience no matter if you are a full-time student or a part-time student .

Who can forget the first day at the college when one turns from an applicant who has passed his entrance exams into a first-year student (a fresher) ?

Oktyabrsky Oil College is a very good college.

The principal is at the head of all the work here. The teaching staff is also very professional.

There are different departments in this college:

• oil and gas well drilling department

• oil fields development and exploitation department

• ecological department

• applied geodesy department

• computer programming (computer networks) department

• geophysical department

• geology department

• department of mechanics

• department of technical exploitation of electrical and electromechanical equipment

When you enter the college , in each group a monitor is chosen. He or she hands out student membership cards , student record books and library cards . You will have so many classes, so many subject to put on the time-table . So, you should very careful and attentive.

If you are good at most of the subjects you will get good marks and you will be at the top of the group . But if you can't cope with the work you will lag behind . And as a result, you will fail at the exam .

The social life is really great. There are many different societies in the college: sports clubs, dancing and singing groups. There is also a very good team of KVN (the Club of Joyful and Inventive). So, if you are interested you may join any of them.

1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations.

college life, applicant, to pass entrance exams, principal, teaching staff, department, to enter the college, student membership card, to cope with the work, student record book, library card

2. Give the synonyms to the following words.

a first-year student, to do something well, schedule, to study the whole day, the head of the college or a school, the head of the class (group)

3. Give the antonyms to the following words.

a part-time student, to be bad at something, to be at the top of the group, to pass an exam

4. Answer the questions.

1. Who is an applicant?

2. Are you a student or an applicant?

3. Where do you study?

4. Do you like your college? Why?

5. What subjects are you good at?

6. What subjects are you bad at?

7. Did you enter any sport or other society?

Самостоятельная работа

1. Read the text about British universities and find out how they are governed; how they choose their students; how the studies are organized.

UNIVERSITIES

Today there are 89 universities in Britain, compared with only seventeen in 1945. They fall into four broad categories: the ancient English foundations, the ancient Scottish ones, the "redbrick" universities and the "plate-glass" ones.

13 ^th – 14 ^th centuries – the ancient English universities (Oxford and Cambridge)

15 ^th – 16 ^th centuries – the ancient Scottish universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edinburgh)

19 ^th century – "redbrick" universities in the industrial centres (Birmingham, Nottingham, Newcastle, Liverpool, Bristol)

20 ^th century the 60s – "plate-glass" universities (Sussex, Kent, East Anglia)

The 90s – former polytechnics adopted a university title

All British universities are private institutions. Each has its own governing council, including some local business people and local policeman as well as a few academics. The state began to give grants to them 60 years ago. Students have to pay fees and living costs, but every student may obtain a personal grant from local authorities of the place where he lives. This is enough to pay his full costs, including lodging and food but the amount depends on the parents' income. If the parents do not earn much money, their children will receive a full grant that will roughly cover all the expenses.

Students studying for first degrees are known as "undergraduates". New undergraduates in some universities are called "freshers". They learn a new way of studying which is different from that of school. They have lectures, there are regular seminars, at which one of the students reads a paper he or she has written. The paper is then discussed by the tutor and the rest of the group. The students also see a tutor alone to discuss their work and their progress. Such tutorials take place once a week.

The Bachelor's degree . After three of four years (depending on the type of the university) the students will take their finals. Those who pass examinations successfully are given the Bachelor's degree: Bachelor of Arts (BA) for History, Philosophy, Language and Literature and sometimes Social Studies of Theology; or Bachelor of Science (BSc) or Commerce of Music. About 15 % of students who start at universities leave without obtaining a degree, some of them after only one year.

The Master's degree . The first postgraduate degree is normally that of Master: Master of Arts (MA); Master of Science (MSc). In most universities it is only in the science faculties that are large numbers of students stay to do postgraduate work.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest degree. It is given for some original research work which is an important contribution to knowledge.

2. Read the information about colleges and institutes of higher education in Britain. Write down the underlined sentence and ask all type of questions (general, special, alternative, and tag-question).
   A) What is their role in the higher education sector alongside the universities?

COLLEGES AND INSITUTES OF HIGHER EDUCATION

What are the colleges and institutes of higher education? Most people could name a university. But how many could name a college or institute of higher education, or appreciate their role in the higher education sector alongside the universities? Too often there is confusion between colleges of Higher Education and colleges of Further Education.

Briefly, there are 55 HE colleges and institutes throughout England and Wales. They give degrees, diplomas, certificates and postgraduate awards which are welcomed by employers nationally and internationally. They range from specialist colleges (many of which are leaders in their field) to large, multi-campus establishments. They are particularly known for teacher training, the links with local business and the community, and the vocational content, quality and professionalism of the courses.

Being smaller in size than universities, HE colleges and institutes also have the advantage of greater flexibility. The range of courses and subject combination is very broad; traditional single-subject courses are offered, together with a vast range of technical, professional qualifications.

B) Do you think that universities and colleges and institutes of higher education can be regarded as having equal status? Why and why not?

3. Read the text and do the activities below.

STUDENTS' LIFE

In two weeks I shall finish my first year at Cambridge. Let me tell you something about students' life and my impressions of it.

The students are mainly English, but there are many others, particularly so in the block of rooms in which I live, for my neighbours include a Chinese studying English, a Canadian studying history and a Frenchman studying science.

The rooms have a pleasant outlook over the college gardens. There is a very small gas-stove on which we make tea or coffee. It is a popular tradition here to invite friends in the afternoon for tea and hot buttered toast and jam. To each room there is a man-servant who with a woman-servant, known as a "bedder", keep it clean.

***

In the old days when Colleges were religious institutions the students were clergymen, and their life was much more strict and disciplined than now. Friendship with young ladies was not allowed and the only women inside the college were washerwomen. The legend is that these women had to be "old and ugly".

The students eat their meals in the college dining-hall. At some colleges there is an interesting tradition. It is known as "sconcing". If a student comes late to dinner or he is not correctly dressed, or he breaks one of the laws of behavior, then the senior student orders him to be sconced.

A large silver cup, known as "sconce" cup, filled with beer is brought and placed in front of him and he must drink it in one attempt without taking the cup from lips (it holds two and a half pints, or 1,5 litres). If he can do it, then the senior pays for it, if not, the cup is passed round and the student who has been "sconced" must pay for it. In general, the discipline is not strict.

***

The students can stay out till twelve o'clock. Each evening a Proctor with two assistants, called "Bulldogs", walks about the town keeping an eye on the students behavior. If he sees a student breaking a rule he will come up to him and say, "Are you a member of the University, sir?", and if a student runs away, then the "Bulldogs" run after him, and if they catch him (they are chosen, it is said, because they are good runners), they fine the student.

Apart from fines a student may be dismissed for the university for one term.

***

We attend our lectures in the morning and in the afternoon we are free. I usually work in my room or play some sport. The most popular sport is rowing.

There are over a hundred societies and clubs. There are religious societies a society for those who don't believe; political, sporting and dramatic societies. There is even one for people with beards. Perhaps the most popular is the Debating Society at which students debate political and other questions with famous politicians and writers.

The walks into the country, the talks, the games and the work, the traditions and the customs – all are part of the students' life which would be poorer if anyof them was lost.

Give the English equivalents for the following Russian words and words combinations.

• горничная в университетских общежитиях

• наложения штрафа на нарушение правил

• религиозный кружок

• иметь приятный вид на сад

• священник

• столовая колледжа

• посещать лекции

2. Answer the questions.

1. What tradition is popular among the students at Cambridge?

2. What are students "sconced ( штрафоваться ) for?

3. What do the so-called "Bulldogs" do if a students whom they come up to runs away?

4. What students' societies are there at Cambridge and which is the most popular one?

Unit 2

Scientific progress. Science and scientists

Science and technology

NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION

1. a) Label the pictures

Фонарь

Калькулятор

Магнитофон

b) Match the definitions to the pictures. Then make up sentences, as in the example.

1) an appliance used to dry hair

2) a machine which plays music

3) a device connected to your telephone which records telephone messages

4) a small electric light that is operated by batteries

5) a piece of equipment used for taking photographs

6) a device used for solving mathematical problems

A hairdryer is an appliance used to dry hair.

Автоответчик

Фотоаппарат

Hair-dryer

2. Read the text and do the activities below.

SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS

The word "science" comes from the Latin word "scientia" which means "knowledge". Science covers a broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.

Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the universe and examine the structure if the cells of living plants and animals. Other researchers investigate why we act the way we do or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.

Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories that help them order and unify facts. Scientific theories consist of general principles or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or has happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested

experimentally and proved to be true.

Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social and technical sciences. As scientific knowledge has grown and become more complicated, many new fields of science have appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.

Science has great influence on our lives. It provides the basis of modern technology – the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and the place in the universe.

1. Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph.

1) The Fields of Scientific Research 2) Different Groups of Sciences 3) The Importance of Science 4) What is Science? 5) Methods of Scientific research

2. Answer the questions.

1. What does the word "science" come from?

2. What does science cover?

3. What do scientists study?

4. What methods do scientists use?

5. What do scientific theories consist of?

6. What major groups can scientific study be divided into?

7. What influence does science have on our lives?

3. Read the text and do the activities below.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Technology means the use of people's inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs. Since people have appeared on the earth, they have had to get food, clothes and shelter. Through the ages people have invented tools, machines and materials to make work easier.

Nowadays when people speak of technology they generally mean industrial technology. Industrial technology began about 200 year ago with the development of steam engine, the growth of factories and the mass production of goods. It influenced different aspects of people's lives. The development of the car influenced where people lived and worked. Radio and television changed their leisure time. The telephone revolutionized communication.

Science has contributed much to modern technology. Science attempts to explain how and why things happen. Technology makes things happen. But not all technology is based on science. For example, people had made different objects from iron for centuries before they learnt the structure of the metal. But some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depend heavily on science.

4. Read these wrong predictions (1-5). Think if they turned out to be true.

1. The atom bomb will never go off, and I speak an expert in explosives. (Admiral William Leahy, 1945).

2. Airplanes will be fast, they will be used in sport, but they will never be good for passengers (Popular Sciences Monthly, 1904).

3. We see the railway as completely impractical (Quarterly Review, 1825).

4. There is no reason anyone is going to want a computer in their home (Ken Olson, President of Digital Equipment Corp, 1977).

5. With over 50 foreign cars already on sale here, the Japanese auto industry isn't going to get a big share of the US market (Business Week, 1968).

5. Work in pairs. Decide which things will be common in the next twenty years. Write a, b, c in the "You" column in the table. Then compare predictions with another pair.

Electronic books

Domestic robots

Robot pets

Solar powered cars

Robot cars

Holidays in space

Intelligent houses

1. definitely

2. possibly

3. definitely not

6. A) Read the new words and translate them. Remember them.

calculator, camcorder, computer, digital camera, dishwasher, DVD player, electric toothbrush, fax machine, flat screen TV, food mixer, hairdryer, laptop computer, microwave oven, mobile phone, personal stereo, photocopier, radio alarm clock, scanner, vacuum cleaner, video player, washing machine, webcam

B) Which objects do you have? Which would you like to have? Choose three and tell the class.

Example: I'd like to have a mobile phone, digital camera and a flat screen TV.

C) Which of the gadgets and machines are …

1) generally used at home? 2) generally used at the college? 3) easy to carry?

D) Which of the gadgets of machines can you use for:

1) cleaning things; 2) cooking; 3) doing calculations; 4) listening to music

5) taking photos or videos; 6) surfing the Internet; 7) copying pictures of texts; 8) watching films

7. Read, translate and memorize the following dialogue.

• They day you have bought a computer.

• Yes, now I have got my own computer.

• That's fine. And what type of a computer had you got?

• The most common one, a digital one.

• By the way, do you know what it means "a digital computer"?

• It goes without saying. Digital computers deal with numbers. All data – pictures, sounds, symbols and words are translated into numbers inside the computer.

• Yes, you are right. Digital computers are so widespread that the term "computer" is almost always refers to a digital computer. But there are three types of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid.

• Sorry for interrupting you. I do know about it. Analog computers work with a physical quantity, such as weight, speed, temperature. They solve problems by measuring a quantity in terms of another quantity. Do you understand it?

• Yes, certainly, for example, they measure temperature in terms of the length of a thin line of liquid in a thermometer.

• Good for you. And when are you going to buy a computer? You know so much about the computers.

• You see, I haven't got such a large amount of money.

• Take it easy. You may use my computer.

• Thanks a lot.

• You are welcome.

8. Match Column A to Column B, then complete the sentences below, as in the example.

send

download

surf

install

make

1. a printout

2. the net

3. an e-mail

4. a program

5. information

1. A: Oh, no. It's Paul's birthday today. And I forgot to send him a birthday card.

B: Don't worry, just send him an e-mail.

2. A: I don't understand why our phone bill is so high.

B: It's obvious. If you didn't … so often, we could save some money.

3. A: I'm going to the Internet Café to do some research for my science project.

B: Don't forget to take a disk with you, so you can … any useful …

4. A: I've finished that sales report you asked for.

B: That's great. Could you … for me, please

5. A: This is the third time this month that my computer has crashed because of a computer virus.

B: You should … anti-virus.

9. Underline the correct verb.

1. The computer company promised that they would deliver/order our new printer today but it still hasn't arrived.

2. Parents need to arrange/regulate the amount of time their children spend surfing the net.

3. Who discovered/invented the sewing machine: Isaac Singer or Elias Howe?

4. I read in the paper the other day that a Japanese company is in the process of developing/programming a state-of-the-art fax machine.

5. Some companies take pictures of employees' faces and save/store them on a computer.

6. Watch out! You're going to run/fall into the tree.

10. Read the texts and fill in the gaps with the verbs to be and to have .

***

People … used calculating devices since ancient times. The first electronic digital computer … built in 1946. The large room … filled with the computer. Since then rapid improvement in computer technology … led to the development of smaller, more powerful and less expensive computers. But computers ... not able to think. A use … to tell the computer in very simple terms exactly what to do with the data it receives. A list of instructions for a computer to follow … called a program.

***

All digital computers … two basic parts: a memory and a processor. The memory … receiving data and holding them until they … needed. The memory .. made up of a big collection of switches. The processor … changing data into useful information by converting numbers into other numbers. It reads numbers from the memory, performs basic calculations and puts the answer back into the memory. The processor … performing this activity over and over again until the desired result … achieved. Both the memory and the processor … electronic.

11. Act as an interpreter.

Robert Brown, an American from New York, works in one of the firms in International Business Machines Corporation (IBMC). He has come on a visit to Russia, and now he is speaking with the head of one of the computer centers Sergei Volkov.

• Мистер Браун, вы работаете в корпорации IBM ?

• Yes, I do. It is one of the world's largest producers of electronic machines.

• А какие виды электрооборудования вы производите?

• IBM makes data-processing systems, electronic computers, electric typewriters, dictation machines, etc.

• Мистер Браун, а как называлась ваша корпорация раньше?

• IBMC has grown out of earlier form, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co (CTRC).

• А когда ваша корпорация получила название IBMC ?

• It adopted its present name in 1924.

• Кто возглавляет IBMC ?

• Thomas J. Watson was the firm's chief executive for 42 years. IBM's headquarters are in Armonk, New York.

• В нашем компьютерном центре есть такие компьютеры вашей корпорации.

• May I have a look of them?

• Безусловно. Всегда пожалуйста.

• Thanks a lot.

12. Do the following activities. A) Look at the words. Five of them were invented by the women. In pairs decide which five you think they are.

the dishwasher, disposable nappies, nylon stockings, windscreen wipers, the biro, the washing machine, the vacuum cleaner, the bullet-proof vest, Tipp-Ex

3. Now listen to a radio programme about inventions. Were you right? Complete the sentences with the invention.

1. ___ was invented by Josephine Cochrane in1886.

2. ___ were invented by Mary Anderson in 1903.

3. ___ were invented by Marion Donovan in 1950.

4. ___ was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham in 1956.

5. ___ was invented by Stephanie Kwolek in 1966.

4. Listen again and answer the questions.

1. What happened after Josephine Cochrane's dinner parties?

2. What was the problem with cars in 1903 when it rained or snowed?

3. How many disposable nappies are used every day?

4. What was Bette Nesmith Graham's job?

5. What was special about the material Stephanie Kwolek invented?

5. Which of the five inventions do you think was the best?

6. Make five true sentences using the words in the chart.

The dishwasher

Disposable nappies

More than 55 million nappies

Mrs Graham's invention

Policemen all over the world

is called

was invented

are protected

were invented

are used

Tipp-Ex today.

by Marion Donovan.

every day.

by the bullet-proof vest.

by an American woman.

7. Complete the text below with the correct verb in the right form. Which fact is the most surprising?

DID YOU KNOW …?

Text-messaging was invented by the Finish company Nokia. They wanted to help Finnish teenagers who were shy. They found it easier to text their friends than to phone them.

The first bikini was … by two Frenchmen. It was … after Bikini Atoll, the island where the atomic bomb was first tested. The Frenchmen thought that bikini would have similar effect on men as a bomb exploding.

Light bulbs are … specially to last only a certain number of hours. It would be possible to make light bulbs that lasted forever, but then the manufacturers wouldn't make so much money.

The first Harry Potter book was … in a café in Edinburgh. JK Rowling was unemployed and she didn't have enough money to pay for heating, so she wrote it in the café where it was warmer.

Although penicillin was … by Alexander Fleming, he didn't know how to make it into a medicine. It was first made into a medicine by an Australian scientist Howard Florey ten years later.

Spiders were … as a cure for toothache in the 17 ^th century. They were first made into a paste, and then put on the bad tooth.

Sherlock Holmes, the great detective was … by writer Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes was … on a real person – Doyle's teacher at medical school, who was famous for saying to his students, "What can you tell me just by observing the patient?"

Самостоятельная работа

1. Read the text and do the activities below.

THE SPIRIT OF INVENTION

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States was the leader in producing raw materials and food. Besides the US was a technologically and industrially developed country, which could compete with the rest of the world.

The spirit of invention grew in the county. By 1930 the US Patent office had granted 1,5 million patents for different inventions. A steam engine and sewing machine were improved. Many inventions were made in the field of electricity and industrial chemistry.

A prominent inventor, Thomas Edison, made more than one thousand inventions using electricity. He understood that gas, candles and oil lamps were not convenient for lighting buildings, especially large ones. Electric current could be much more useful. Edison perfected an incandescent bulb and worked out a system of power production and distribution. His system was much cheaper than gas, oil lamps or candles. In 1882, he built a power plant in New York.

George Westinghouse perfected Edison's system making it possible to send electric power over long distances, using low voltage power (with the help of generators ).

An African-American engineer from Ohio, Granville T. Woods made more than thirty-five inventions, among them automatic circuit breaker , electric incubator and electromagnetic brake .

Henry Ford applied a gasoline-burning internal-combustion engine to automobiles. Soon mass production became possible, and many people got the chance to buy a car. The price of many Ford cars was $490. It was not too much, but still it was very difficult to buy a car for workers who earned $2 a day.

The Du Pont family was busy with producing gunpowder and explosives . They learnt how to use cellulose to make photographic films , rubber, lacquer and textile fibers .

The telephone and typewriter made it possible to communicate without seeing each other.

Sewing machines gave the chance for mass production of clothes (earlier women had sewn clothes themselves). Soon new fashions for men and women appeared.

Refrigerators made it easy to preserve meat, fruit, vegetables, milk and other products.

Streetcars , elevated railroads , subways let people live farther from their workplaces and get to work quickly.

Indoor wash-down water closet was invented in England around 1870. In 1880s it was adopted in the United States. Earlier private bathrooms were in luxury hotels and some rich houses.

Before the 1850s Americans eat food which was in season, because it was difficult to preserve it fresh for a long time. Around 1810 a French inventor developed the process of canning . An American named Gail Borden invented the way to condense and preserve milk; and Americans began to use canned food on a large scale.

William K. Kellogg invented Corn Flakes. After the 1860s large department stores appeared. Advertising became popular.

1. Make a list of inventions which facilitated the life of Americans in the 19 ^th century. Do you imagine your life without these things? Prove that it is possible / impossible.

2. Agree or disagree with the following statement. Explain your opinion to the class. "Nowadays few inventions are made. Most of useful things were invented in the 19 ^th -20 ^th centuries. There is nothing left to invent".

3. After 1900 the life expectancy in America rose by 6 years, the death rate dropped by 24 percent. The number of people dying from typhoid, diphtheria, influenza and tuberculosis had decreased. At the same time more people began to die from cancer, diabetics and heart disease. Why was it so? Share your opinion with the group.

2. Read the dialogue and write down all the mentioned inventions and discoveries.

LIFE IN THE PAST AND IN THE FUTURE

Teacher: O.K., class. The break is over. Let's start working. Tom, what's the date today?

Tom: It's the twelfth of September, 2001.

Teacher: Right. The year 2001 is the first year of the 21 ^st century. We've entered a new millennium. What, in your opinion, were the most important events of the 20 ^th century?

Look at the table in your textbooks.

1919 – First nonstop transatlantic flight

1928 – Discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic

1930 – First World Cup soccer tournament

1961 – First manned space flight

1969 – First landing of humans on the moon

1984 – Researchers identify HIV, the virus that causes AIDS

1989 – The Berlin Wall comes down

1994 – Apartheid ends in South Africa

1997 – Pathfinder spacecraft lands on Mars

Student A: The first manned space flight is the most important event.

Teacher: Why do you think so?

Student A: Because for centuries people dreamed about travel in space. And on April the twelfth 1961 that dream came true.

Teacher: Who was the first man in space?

Student B: He was a Russian. His name was Yuri Gagarin.

Student C: I think the discovery of penicillin is more important. It was the first antibiotic.

Teacher: Why are antibiotics important?

Student C: They destroy or stop the growth of harmful bacteria.

Student D: I believe aviation is the greatest achievement of the 20 ^th century. Aviation made space flights possible.

Student E: For me the First World Cup soccer tournament is very important because I love soccer.

Teacher: To play or to watch on television?

Student E: Both.

Student F: Politically, the Berlin Wall and the end of apartheid in South Africa are symbols of important democratic changes in the world.

Student D: The events in the last decade of the 20 ^th century in Russia changed the situation in the world.

Teacher: That's true. Russia has become a more open and democratic society. So how has the life changed since the beginning of the 20 ^th century? Do you have an idea what life was like at the beginning of the century?

Student B: Well, there weren't any television or video-recorders. There were very few cars on the roads. People travelled on foot, by bicycle, by bus or by train. Aeroplanes were very small and dangerous.

Teacher: What has changed since then?

Student A: Well, cars have become cheaper and the number of cars has risen. Aeroplanes have become larger and faster.

Student A: And, probably, they have become safer, too.

Teacher: Well … Certainly, they have.

Student D: But there has been quite a number of accidents over the last decades, including some serious plane crashes.

Student F: Anyway, people are not afraid of travelling by plane.

Teacher: So, transport has changed a lot since 1900. More people travel, and the journeys have become faster and easier. What about radio, television, computers, the Internet?

Student A: All of these have become part of our everyday life. We can watch television programmes from many countries. A lot of people have got computers and videos.

Teacher: Has life become better?

Student D: I think so. People are free to travel to most parts of the world. We now know more about how people live in other countries. The world has become a smaller place.

Teacher: Do you think things have become better in every way?

Student F: No, there's been overpopulation and more pollution because of all the cars and factories.

Student D: And the village has become noisier and more polluted.

Tom: Pollution is causing the greenhouse effect and damage to the ozone layer.

Teacher: Does everyone know what the greenhouse effect is?

Student B: I don't. What is it?

Student F: It's global warming. The earth is getting warmer.

Teacher: I'm glad you mentioned that, Tom. You see, during the last 100 years we have produced a huge amount of carbon dioxide. It works in the atmosphere like the glass in a greenhouse. It allows heat to get in, but it doesn't allow much heat to get out. So the atmosphere becomes warmer because less heat can escape.

Student A: Where does the carbon dioxide come from?

Teacher: We produce carbon dioxide when we burn coal, oil, petrol, gas … or wood. In the last few years people have burned huge areas of rain forest … This means there are fewer trees and more carbon dioxide!

Student A: Is it dangerous?

Teacher: That's what scientists say. The ozone layer stops some of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. In 1982 scientists first discovered the hole in the atmosphere, and it is getting bigger due to aerosol cans, fridges, air-conditioning and the manufacture of some plastic products, power stations, factories and cars.

Student A: We must also mention there is danger of too much ultraviolet radiation which causes skin cancer.

Student D: And the climate has changed.

Teacher: True. The climate in many parts of the world has changed. The temperature in the North Atlantic has risen by 1°C, deserts have become larger, there have been several hurricanes in Europe which are very rare here. They have destroyed millions of trees.Well, and now let's try to predict what our life will be like in the future. Do you think it will become better?

Student B: I think it will. I'm optimistic about the future. I think people will find a cure for cancer and AIDS. People will live longer and life will be easier.

Student C: They say people will live to be 150 years old.

Student F: I don't want to live that long.

Student D: But I do. I think we'll have more free time and longer holidays in the 21 ^st century.

Student A: I think we'll be able to travel in space, probably to the Moon or to Mars.

Student C: Robots will be doing the dangerous and dirty work for us.

Student E: I'm not as optimistic as you are.

Teacher: Why?

Student E: Don't forget that in the 21 ^st century we will have run out of many essential materials like oil and coal. We may even have run out of water to drink. Some experts say that we will be living like chickens in incubators and eating artificial food.

Student A: Why do the experts say that?

Student E: Because the population of the world will have doubled in 100 years' time.

Student A: I don't agree with you. I hope people will find solutions to most problems we are facing today.

Student C: I'm optimistic about the future. I'm sure atmospheric pollution will be stopped. We'll drive electric cars and live in houses with lots of plants and special air-cleaning gadgets.

Student G: I hope people will learn to live in peace and understand each other.

Teacher: Do you think there will be wars in the 21 ^st century?

Student G: No, there will be no more wars, no more criminals and no more terrorists.

Student B: You're romantic.

Student C: I think it's up to us to look after our planet and try to make it a better place to live.

3. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words that suit best.

COMPUTERS IN THE CLASSROOM

Over the past twenty years, computers and the Internet have become steadily more and more important to us. In fact, how much we rely (1) … computer technology continues to grow every day. We seem to use computers for almost everything (2) … days. Whether we are shopping at the supermarket, filling our taxes, driving our car, (3) … communicating with relatives and co-workers, it appears that a computer needs to be a part of (4) … scene.

This explosion in computer technology has resulted in a rush to install computers (5) … every classroom and to "wire" every school to the Internet. In the USA (6) … September 1984 and September 1997 alone, the number of computers in secondary schools increased to more (7) … 8 million units. Both educators and students alike have been forced to (8) … up with this new wave of technology. Teachers have found that they are expected to teach students computer skills even (9) … they themselves are still trying to learn the basics.

Few people would question the role that computers could play in education. Some educators claim that students (10) … are supplied with computers and given the opportunity to use (11) … in the classroom setting, will get better grades than those students who learn without having had (12) … computer experience. These people say that just (13) … computer technology has improved the way cars work, computers (14) … make the classroom a better place in which to teach the difficult concepts and ideas that students need to become brighter, (15) … successful adults.

Unit 3

Mass Media

Television. Radio. Newspapers. The Internet

1. Ask you group-mates questions about mass media.

1. How do you get the news?

2. Do you read newspapers or magazines more?

3. How often do you read newspapers/magazines?

4. What's your favourite newspaper/magazine?

5. Do you like to watch TV?

6. How much time do you spend on watching TV every day?

7. What do you usually watch on TV?

• • cartoons

  • films (comedies/documentaries/ horror films/soap operas/ adventures)

• news

• talk/game/reality/quiz shows

• sport programmes

8. Do you use the Internet?

9. How often do you use the Net?

10. Why do you surf the net?

• for playing games

• for talking to my friends

• for reading the news

• for finding information

• for downloading films/music/pictures

Is mass media important to your friend? Why?

2. Match the words and their definitions.

3. Read the text, translate it and do the activities below.

Vocabulary notes

mass media, a viewer, a steady stream, to entertain, entertainment, a quiz, a feature film, a cartoon, a fictional film, current affairs, to advertise, advertising, advertisement, ad, advertiser, to make a profit, to subscribe, to pay a fee, to deliver, to broadcast, a satellite, to transmit, to receive, a receiver, an advantage, a drawback, on average

TELEVISION

Television, also called TV, is one of the most important mass media. People with a television set can sit at home and can see and learn about people, animals and things in faraway lands. Millions of viewers around the world can watch sport events and other events of worldwide interest.

TV brings its viewers a steady stream of programmes that are designed to give information and to entertain. In fact, television provides more entertainment programmes than any other kind of mass media. The programmes include sport events, variety shows, quiz shows, feature films, cartoons, fictional serials called soap operas.

There are two main kinds of television stations: public stations and commercial stations. Public stations are supported by the government. They usually broadcast more educational programmes and programmes on cultural subjects. News and current affairs programmes make up an important section of programmes for most public television stations. Commercial television stations are run by private companies. They sell advertising time to pay for their operating costs and to make a profit for the companies that run the stations.

People can also subscribe to cable television system. Viewers pay a fee for this service. Cable television signals are delivered to home TV-sets of their customers by cables. Some cable systems carry more than one hundred channels – far more than can broadcast even in large urban areas.

Satellite broadcasting is another form of subscription television. The signals are transmitted to home TV-sets from a direct broadcasting satellite in space. The viewer must have a dish-receiver aerial to receive the programmes.

In Britain watching television is one of the great British pastimes. Broadcasting in the United Kingdom is controlled by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA). The BBC receives its income from the Government, but the private companies controlled by the IBA earn money from advertising. The BBC has two channels. The IBA is responsible for looking after the regional independent TV companies who broadcast their own programmes and those they have bought from other regions.

We may speak about different advantages and drawbacks of television but almost every home has at least one TV-set. On average, a TV-set is in use for about 7 hours each day. Thus, television is the most effective means of mass communication known to mankind. It has become people's eyes and ears on the world.

1. Put the words in the following sentences in order, the first word in each sentence is in italics.

1. the most, is, TV , on, media, of, important.

2. provides, entertainment, many, Television , programmes.

3. television, broadcast, Public , programmes, educational, stations.

4. are, by, private, run, companies, stations, TV, Commercial.

5. can, subscribe, People , cable, to, television.

2. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Телевидение – одно из самых важных средств массовой информации.

2. Миллионы зрителей во всем мире могут сидеть дома и узнавать о людях, животных, о многом другом в далеких странах по телевидению.

3. Телевидение предоставляет своим зрителям много информационных и развлекательных программ.

4. Существует два главных вида телевизионных станций: общественные и коммерческие.

5. Общественные телевизионные станции поддерживаются правительством.

6. Они обычно транслируют больше образовательных, информационных и культурных программ.

7. Коммерческие телевизионные станции управляются частными компаниями.

8. Они продают рекламное время, чтобы оплатить расходы и принести прибыль своим компаниям.

9. Зрители могут подписаться на кабельное телевидение, но должны внести плату за эту услугу.

10. Чтобы пользоваться спутниковым телевидением, необходимо иметь тарелкообразную приемную антенну.

3. Answer the questions.

1. What programmes can we watch on TV?

2. What are the two kinds of television stations?

3. What are public stations supported by?

4. What do public stations broadcast?

5. What are commercial television stations run by? How do they pay for their operation costs?

6. What is cable television system?

7. What is satellite television?

4. Read the passage about future of television and complete the text with the words from the box.

THE FUTURE OF TELEVISION

In future, we probably won't watch television at all.

I think television (1)….will disappear. We'll use a computer and choose the programs that we want to watch. (2)… will then get the program from another computer, probably on the other side of the world. We'll be able to tell the computer what type of (3) ….we like (for example, types of films, (4)…., documentaries, etc.) and the computer will search for those programs and then give us a (5)… to choose from. The pictures that we see will also be different. They will be (6)….. We will be able to look around the pictures that we see.

5. Read the text and say if you are for or against TV.

ARE YOU FOR OR AGAINST TV?

Whether we realize it or not, TV plays a very important part in our life.

It's the main source of information and a cheap form of entertainment for millions of people.

It's the window into the world which gives us an opportunity to "travel" all over the world, to "meet" different people and learn about their customs and traditions.

It has the power to educate and broaden our minds.

Besides it helps us to relax after a hard day's work and escape from reality.

There's always a great variety of programmes on TV: news and sports programmes, talk shows and TV games, documentary and feature films, reality shows, concerts and etc.

Of course, not all programmes are good. But many are made in good taste and with great professional skills.

Some people argue that television is a terrible waste of time. It makes us lazier. We stay at home instead of going out. We read less. We even talk less.

Violence on TV is another problem that worries people. As George Mikes once said, TV teaches us "how to kill, to rob, to shoot and to poison". But the same can be said about computer games and many films. And if you don't like a certain programme, why watch it?

6. Now divide into groups and find benefits and dangers of television.

1. Television helps us to learn more about the world and to know and see many new things.

2. Television can make us passive. We don't have to think and our brains become lazy.

3. It has increased the popularity of sports and arts.

4. It takes time away from activities such s reading, conversation, and games.

5. It is an enjoyable way to relax.

6. It encourages us to buy things that we don't need, and can make us unhappy with our own lives.

7. It has made us aware of our global responsibilities. In 1985, for example, 1.5 billion people in 147 countries watched TV pop concert and helped to collect more than $100 million for people in Africa.

7. Read the text and do the activities.

1. What do you think of today's TV programmes?

What is your opinion on programmes on TV?

What do you think about TV news and analyses? – Is the reporting objective or not

What do you think of advertising on TV? How does advertising between programmes or in the middle of programmes make you feel?

Could you be happy without having a TV at home?

2. The expressions bellow show the ones expressing positive approach, and on the other hand a negative one on TV broadcasting – which is which?

Worthwhile, informative, uplifting, violent, crude, shallow, truthful, objective, reliable, sensational, biased, selective, though-provoking, insightful, dull, useful, silly, exaggerated, great, acceptable, annoying, frustrating, upsetting

3. Answer the following questions

• What are the benefits of TV watching?

• In what ways can TV watching be harmful?

• Is there overkill in the choice of programmes with cable and satellite (DIGI) TV?

• Should TV stations air programmes 24hours a day? Why?

• Are there any undesirable qualities that people acquire after too much TV watching? If so, which?

• What criteria do you use in deciding whether or not to watch a TV programme?

• If you had the authority, what changes would you make to the TV industry or TV programming?

• Does television create false expectations about life, which then cause people to be dissatisfied and unhappy? Give examples.

4. In the following paragraph fill in the right form of the verb.

I was eight years old when I lost my first very best friend, Lucy. We used to ………………. (to spend) hours………………(to play) together in my backyard. Then, one August day long ago, Lucy's mother called earlier than usual for her to come home right away and ……………… (to see) what her daddy …………………(to bring) them. It was the last time I ……………….(to play) with her.

In the following prgrphs fill in the right expression(s).

I knocked on my friend's door every day, ………………… her mother always said …………… Lucy was busy and couldn't come ……….. to play. I tried …………… , but her mother always answered saying Lucy couldn't come to the phone. Lucy was …………. busy to play? She had to be dead. Nothing else …………… sense. What else could separate such great friends? I cried …………. cried.

Some weeks later I overheard my mother say to my father how maybe I would calm down about Lucy if we got a television too. A what? What on earth was a television? The word was new to me. At last I knew what had happened to Lucy. "The television ate her!" "Oh, Linda," my parents said, laughing. "Television doesn't eat people. You'll love television just like Lucy."

Christmas arrived and Santa Claus brought us a television. "See?" my parents said, "television doesn't eat people." Maybe not. But television changes people. It changed my family forever.

We stopped …………..dinner at the dining-room table after my mother found …………… about TV trays. During the meal we used to talk to ………… another. Now television talked to us. Daddy stopped buying books. He watched television now. But it has been Daddy who ……….. taught me the joy of reading. Mama and Daddy stopped going to movies. Most movies …………. One day show up on TV, they said. After a while, Daddy and I didn't ……….. baseball anymore. We didn't go to ball games ……………..

Maybe the TV hadn't actually eaten Lucy, ………….. once her parents turned her in the direction of that box, she never looked back. Maybe …….. her parents had allowed her to further experience the real world, she wouldn't …………….. been satisfied with a 50-centimeter world. All I know is I never had another first best friend. What's more, I was right all along: television really ……………….. eat people.

5. Comment on the following:

What beneficial activities can TV keep people from doing?

How can parents control their children's TV viewing and keep them from watching things inappropriate for their age?

Do you think that TV gives us a distorted vies of life and teaches us wrong values?

8. Read the text, translate it and do the activities below.

Vocabulary notes

to broadcast, to compete, to vary, forecast, an ability

RADIO

Radio is also one of the most important mass media. Radio broadcasts news, discussions, interviews, description of sport events, religious programmes, music and advertising.

There is at least one radio station in every country in the world, and altogether there are more than 25,000 stations all over the world. Radio stations compete with each other.

Radio programmes vary from country to country. But in all countries, programmes primarily provide information and entertainment. Programmes that provide information include news and current affairs; live broadcasting of sport events, weather forecast, talk shows. Many talk shows allow listeners to take part in the programme by telephoning the radio station to ask questions or give their opinions about the topic. Such programmes are called phone-ins.

In most countries up to 90 % of programmes are designed for entertainment. Music is a popular kind of radio entertainment. Most stations specialize in one kind of music, such as pop, classical, jazz or folk music. Some stations broadcast several kinds of music. There are also comedy shows and plays performed "live" or recorded in studio by actors.

In Britain national radio is controlled by the BBC, and listeners can choose between four stations. There are many local stations, some are private and some are run by the BBC. Their programmes consist mainly of music and local news.

A major reason for the widespread use of radios is their portability, which means the ability to be carried around easily. People listen to the radios everywhere – at home, in parks, at beaches and picnics, while driving a car, and even while walking along the street.

1. Answer the questions.

1. How many radio stations are there in the world?

2. What radio programmes can you name?

3. What is a phone-in? Have you ever participated in such a show?

4. What is portability?

5. What is the main reason for the widespread use of radio?

2. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Радио – также одно из средств массовой информации.

2. Существует более 25 000 радиостанций во всем мире.

3. Главным образом, радиостанции транслируют информационные и развлекательные программы.

4. В большинстве стран до 90% всех радиопрограмм – развлекательные.

5. Люди слушают радио почти везде: дома, на работе, в парках, на пляжах, на пикниках, в машине.

9. Read the article and do the activities.

1. Work in pairs. Answer the questions.

1. How often do you listen to the radio?

2. When and where do you listen to the radio?

3. What radio stations and programmes do you like?

4. What do you think of the radio in Poland?

2. Read the article about radio in the UK.

RADIO HISTORY – THE BBC

The BBC started in 1922. In 1920s and 1930s it broadcast news, music, stories and plays. In 1939 the BBC was the first radio station to broadcast English language lessons.

In the Second World War Winston Churchill gave his speeches on the radio. His most famous was on18 June, 1940, when Britain was the only country at war with Germany: "If we can standup to Hitler, all of Europe will be free …"

If the British Empire and Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will say this was finest hour."

In the 1940s and 1950s radio was the most popular form of family entertainment. Millions followed the BBC's stories and radio soaps like The Archers (which is still going!).

In the swinging 60s BBC's Radio 1 played the Beatles and The Rolling Stones but more and more people had TVs in their homes and everybody said that the days of radio were numbered.

However in 1970s the popularity of radio actually increased and the number of stations grew. The BBC started local radio stations and later, the government allowed commercial radio. Gradually, radio started to become more popular again.

Nowadays, according to a recent survey 91 % of the population listen regularly for three hours a day and British families have an average of six radios altogether in their homes or cars!

One of the reasons for the success of radio is the choice. Local radio stations like Capital in London, is close to people and local issues. Music stations, like Magic, Heart, Classic FM and Jazz FM have music for all tastes. And the BBC is still going strong, with over 50 % of listeners. Radio 1 has pop music for young people, while Radio 2 for older listeners. Radio 3 has classical music and Radio 4 has news, stories and documentaries. Radio 5 gives "live" coverage of news and sport. The BBC World Service also broadcasts around the world in English and other languages.

Radio is now more advanced than television with new technology. You can listen to the BBC and commercial stations on the Net and choose your own programmes. Totally online radio stations promise to change the face of radio because they will "personalize" the music you listen to. Maybe the song Video killed the Radio Star got it wrong – radio has not only survived, it is alive and kicking!

3. Choose the correct meaning in the text (a, b, c) for the words in italics.

1. Churchill gave his speeches on the radio.

a) a chatted informally b) talked formally c) spoke to his friends

2) If we can stand up to Hitler …

a) fight against b) stand next to c) welcome

3) This was their finest hour .

a) worst time b) shortest time c) best time

4) The days of radio were numbered .

a) went in order b) were going to end soon c) were linked to TV

5) The BBC is still going strong .

a) the best b) very popular c) a big organisation

6) It is alive and kicking .

a) modern and aggressive b) just surviving c) still successful

4. Answer the questions.

1. Why was BBC radio important in the Second World War?

2. Why was radio less popular in1960s?

3. Why did it become successful again?

4. How will online radio be different?

10. Read the text and translate it.

Vocabulary notes:

to deliver, daily, weekly, independent, political leaning, quality newspaper (broadsheet), popular newspaper (tabloid), to distinguish, superficial, headquarter, censorship

BRITISH PRESS

The British are a nation of newspaper readers. Many of them have a daily newspaper delivered to their homes just in time for breakfast. There are about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers, over 2,000 weekly and some periodical publications in Britain.

Officially newspapers are almost independent of any political party, but their political leanings can easily be discovered.

British newspapers can be divided into two groups: quality and popular. Quality newspapers are more serious and cover home (national) and foreign (international) news, while the popular newspapers like shocking, personal stories as well as some news. These two groups of newspapers can be distinguished easily because the quality papers are twice the size of the popular newspapers. The other distinction between the two kinds is on an educational level. Quality newspapers are intended for well educated people.

The popular newspapers tend to make news sensational. These papers focus on more emotional reporting of stories about the Royal Family, film and pop stars, sport and other items. They publish "personal" articles which shock and excite readers. Instead of printing factual news reports, these papers write them in an exciting way, easy to read, playing on people's emotions. They avoid serious problems and social questions, treat them superficially. This press is much more popular than the quality press.

British newspapers are often associated with Fleet Street, located in Westminster City of London. Fleet Street was the home of the nation's newspapers till the recent past. But not long ago practically all the newspapers moved their headquarters to Docklands, a newly developed business centre in the eastern part of London. Only two newspapers The Daily Express and The Daily Telegraph are still in Fleet Street. However, people still say "Fleet Street" to mean "the press".

As a matter of fact, there is no censorship in Great Britain, but in 1953 Press Council was set up. It is not an official body, but it is composed of people nominated by journalists and it receives complains against particular newspapers, it may criticize papers. But it has no direct effects.

The local papers are weekly. They are not taken seriously, being mostly bought for the useful information contained in their advertisements.

Periodicals are special magazines. They are not expensive. Their production, week by week and month by month, represents a fabulous amount of the stories which are popular with the population.

1. Answer the questions.

1. Is the press legally free in most countries?

2. Who is the press controlled by?

3. Are people aware of ownership of the press?

4. Why do mass media influence public opinion?

5. What are the functions of the press?

6. What is the most popular leisure activity for most people?

7. What are the biggest newspaper-reading countries?

8. What groups are British newspapers divided into?

9. What is the distinction between quality and popular newspapers?

2. Do the following activities. Match the words with the right description.

A newspaper that has small pages, short articles and lots of photographs. They are often considered to be less serious than other newspapers.

Rag

A newspaper that is printed on large sheets of paper measuring approximately 38 cm by 61 cm. They are generally considered to be more serious than other newspapers.

Tabloid

A magazine or booklet with pictures that gives you information about a product or service.

Broadsheet

People refer to a newspaper as a rag when they have a low opinion of it.

Review

A piece of writing in a newspaper or magazine.

Front page

One of the parts into which a newspaper is divided.

Section

A front page article or picture appears on the front page of a newspaper because it is very important or interesting.

Headline

The title of a newspaper story, printed in large letters at the top of it, especially on the front page. Headlines are the main points of the news which are read on radio or TV.

Article

A report in a newspaper or magazine in which someone gives their opinion of a new book, film, TV programme, record, play or concert.

Feature

A prominent or special article, story, or department in a newspaper or periodical.

Supplement

An article in a publication expressing the opinion of its editors or publishers

Editorial

A separate part of a magazine or newspaper often dealing with a particular topic.

Reporter

A person whose job is to collect news or other information and write about it in newspapers or magazines or talk about it on TV or radio.

Editor

A journalist who regularly writes particular kind of article in a newspaper or magazine.

Hack

Journalist

The person who is in charge of a newspaper and who decides what will be published in it. A journalist who is responsible for a particular section of a newspaper. A person who checks and corrects texts before they are published.

Columnist

Someone who writes new articles or broadcasts new reports.

A journalist who writes for money without worrying very much about the quality of their writing.

Foreign correspondent

A correspondent who sends news reports or commentary from a foreign country for broadcast or publication.

3. Divide the words below into the correct categories .

hack journalist, columnist, feature, broadsheet, reporter, article, tabloid, daily, rag

quality, review, editorial, foreign correspondent, headline, supplement, front page

1 people who work on a newspaper: ………………………………………

2 types of newspaper: ………………………………………………………

3 what you find in a newspaper: ……………………………………………

4. Which of these words collocate with news ?

Example: newsroom

print, room, stand, conference , agency, flash, hound, letter , worthy, paper, agent, desk

5. Complete these sentences with some of the words above.

1 The ____________ is the place where journalists write their reports.

2 You can buy a 'paper at a news________ or at a news__________ in the street.

3 If it is a good story, it is news_________.

4 A good reporter is sometimes called a news___________.

5 Politicians often inform journalists about their actions at news __________s.

6. Think of answers for these questions.

1. What is in the news in your country at the moment?

2. What types of newspaper do your read, and why do you read that type for?

3. What do you think of the press in your country? Is it sensationalist and exploitative?

4. Or is it serious and impartial?

5. What do you think the role of the press should be in society?

11. Read the text and do the activities below.

THE INTERNET

Modern technology has a tremendous effect on the lives of people and their entertainment habits. The Internet became an important data-gathering and communication source. The Net encircle the globe.

The term Internet refers to the global network of public computers running Internet Protocol. In other words, the Internet is a worldwide system of computer networks that allows users to send and receive information from other computers. Today, the Internet is one of the most powerful tools throughout the world and using this tool brings both good and bad things.

Young people spend a lot of time on their computers because it's exciting and they have found in the Net new ways of meeting a basic human need: the desire to communicate with other people.

E-mail sends electronic messages from one person to another – like letters, but capable of crossing the Atlantic in 15 minutes. File transfers move data from one computer to another. The Internet becomes post office, printing press and meeting place – all in one.

Some people are making a fortune in cyberspace. Most companies have their own websites; others exist only on the Internet. They are sometimes called "dot com" companies. Some of the most successful Net entrepreneurs are teenagers who are still at school. They are called internet nerds.

To become a successful entrepreneur all you need is: to start a webpage of your own, have a good idea for a business, think of catchy name and find someone to lend you money. And remember! English is the most used business language.

1. Say if the following statements are true or false.

1. The Internet doesn't interfere at all with people's lives.

2. Most teenagers only have a few hours of computer time.

3. Internet nerds are teenagers who spend most of their time in front of the computer.

4. The English language is not necessary to be successful on the Net.

2. Complete the following sentences with ideas from the text.

1. Nowadays the Internet has become tremendously …

2. Time spent on computers …

3. Answer the following questions using your own words as far as possible and expressing your point of view.

1. How does modern technology affect people's lives?

2. Why does the Net encircle the Globe?

3. How can people make a fortune in cyberspace?

4. Read the sentences and write them in the correct column:

Talking to strangers on chat rooms.

 It can help children with their homework.

 It provides online shopping.

 A source of education for students.

 Negative effects on family communication.

 Finding out old friends through social network sites.

 Provides e-commerce facilities.

 Cyber bullying.

 Helpful to people of all ages.

 Chat rooms, songs, movies and other entertainment.

 Online classes for students (e-learning).

 If you shop online, your credit card number can be copied and used.

 Anti-social behaviour.

 Spamming and viruses threat.

 Provides a vast library of knowledge and information.

 Hackers can steal sensitive information and other people's identity.

 People can connect and interact with others quickly and cheaply.

 It helps to promote businesses.

 It can distract children from homework and adults from office work.

 Chatting online without adult supervision can be dangerous for young children.

 Internet addiction

5. Some people say the Internet can be dangerous. Others say that it can be educational. What do you think? Express your point of view in about 100 words.

12. Read the title of the article. Which of the following do you think it is about?

A) Sending an e-mail B) Protecting children C) Spies

Read the statements below and guess which of them are true and which are false. Then read the article and check if your guesses were correct.

A SPYMASTER ON THE NET

Parents who worry about what their children are being exposed to on the Internet are turning to e-Blaster for help. E-Blaster is "spy" software that allows you to monitor what is being done on your PC, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, by sending a detailed report to your e-mail address as often as every 30 minutes.

Once you have installed e-Blaster, you can check which web sites your children have visited, who they have talked to online and even that they have "said". Monitoring the keystrokes typed by your child is similar to being able to read their mail or listen in on their phone conversations. You can even program e-Blaster to look for keywords such as swear words or other inappropriate language.

Because e-Blaster can be hidden from the PC user, it is also popular with employers who are not always there to monitor what their employees are doing on their PCs at work.

Concerning parents and employers might get peace of mind from e-Blaster but, if the PC user isn't informed that they are being "spied" on, it could be considered an invasion of privacy. Personally, I feel that it is a sad reflection on our society today that we feel the need to replace trust and honest communication with "spy" software.

1. Choose the right variant.

1. The e-Blaster helps …

1. parents read e-mail

2. parents access the Internet 24 hours a day

3. parents send detailed reports

4. parents monitor their children's activities online

2. The e-Blaster …

1. helps children use the Internet

2. receives a report on your PC every 30 minutes

3. allows somebody to find out what a PC user does on their PC

4. controls the Internet

3. With e-Blaster …

1. parents can listen to their children's phone conversations

2. children can learn keywords

3. children can improve their typing skills

4. parents can see what their children have typed

4. Using the e-Blaster in the workplace means that employees …

1. can be monitored by their employers

2. can hide what they are doing from their employers

3. cannot use their PCs while their boss is away

4. can check up on each other's work

5. The author feels that the use of "spy" software shows us that we …

1. can't communicate with each other

2. are technologically advanced

3. don't trust one another

4. are concerned about our children

Самостоятельная работа

1. Find all the hidden words in this word search.

2. Read the article and do the activities below.

Mark Zuckerberg is TIME's Person of the Year

1

TIME magazine chose 26-year old Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg as its Person of the Year for 2010. Since 1920, TIME has chosen a person, or a group of people, who have changed the world for the better, or sometimes for worse .

2

Mark Zuckerberg won the award because he has created a new style of communication and a new way of exchanging information. In 2010 a film called " The Social Network " portrayed Zuckerberg's life at Harvard and what happened later on. After winning the prize, Zuckerberg stated that he is happy that Facebook has succeeded in being something that millions want to use and that obviously it wouldn't be possible without the Internet.

4

Everything began in February 2004, when Zuckerberg was still a student at Harvard. There he started an online platform that connected college students. Then the site expanded to other universities. The next step was to allow all high school students to join Facebook. Finally, Facebook opened up to anyone over the age of 13. This enabled other types of social connections. Moms' groups, activist groups, political groups, marketing groups and fan groups were able to join together on Facebook.

5

By 2006, 13 million people used the social network; today Facebook is used by 1.06 billion people around the word. Although 51% of all Americans have a Facebook account, three out of four users come from outside the US. Since 2004 Mark Zuckerberg has earned about 15 billion dollars, making him the youngest billionaire and one of the richest people in the United State .

6

According to Zuckerberg, Facebook gives people the feeling of not being alone, of having friends, even if you haven't met them in person. People want to find others who have the same interests and hobbies. Apart from chatting with others, there are many different things you can do on Facebook. Millions of people share their holiday photos. You can play games, browse the fan pages of your favourite celebrities or even go shopping with your Facebook account. A tracking tool even tells your friends your exact location .

7

Facebook's headquarters are in the middle of Silicon Valley, in Palo Alto, California . However there are offices in many other cities in the U.S.A and International offices in Dublin; Hamburg; London; Madrid; Milan; Paris; Selangor; Stockholm; Sydney; Tokyo and Toronto . Over 2000 employees work for Facebook.

8

However, Zuckerberg also faces a lot of criticism. Not everyone thinks Facebook will change the way we live in a positive manner. Posting your private life on the Internet makes it accessible to everyone, but on the other hand, you don't have to do it if you don't want to .

1) Answer the following questions.
People who are chosen "Person of the Year" are people who did positive things to the world. Is this true?
2) Complete the sentence below.
Because Mark Zuckerberg invented a new way of communicating, Time Magazine
3) Complete the sentence according to paragraph 2.
Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook could only be used thanks _________________.
4) Complete the sequence of events as they appear in the text.
a Facebook started in 2004 in ____________________________________________.
b. Next, it spread ____________________________________________________.
c. Then, _______________________________________________________________.
d. Ultimately,_____________________________________ _____________________.
5) What record does Mark Zuckerberg hold?
Answer: _______________________________________________________________.
6) Circle the correct answer, YES or NO.
Most Facebook users are not Americans. Yes/No
7) What are the purposes for which people use Facebook? Name FOUR ways.
8) Fill in the sentence with a word/ expression from paragraph 5.
John has already seen many celebrities _______________________. It's really exciting because usually, we only see them on TV.
9) Circle the correct answer, YES or NO.
There are Facebook headquarters in many cities in America and the rest of the world. Yes/No

3. Read the article below and then answer the questions that follow.

ONLINE SHOPPING

Online shopping allows consumers to shop in the convenience of their own home, and to save travelling time to retail stores and spend their time on other important tasks and hobbies. Researchers indicate convenience as the ' primary objective' of online shopping. This is relevant to 72% of online shoppers' claim that they would rather surf online than go to retail stores to get information about a product. According to a study, 72% of online shoppers chose convenience over privacy. In addition to the ease of finding products online and time saved, consumers can shop without time limitations with 24 hour access as a beneficial characteristic of online shopping.

Online shopping benefits both the society as a whole and individuals. The society can save human resources when consumers help themselves by browsing freely online instead of asking for assistance from vendors. Consumers are also freed from the pressure to buy from the vendors and can spend more time to make wise purchase decisions.

Consumers desire a variety of products because they look for the right product that will fully satisfy them. There is an infinite variety of products available online and the internet allows consumers to browse through products that are made all around the world without geographical boundaries.

With the online tools that enable product comparison, consumers can compare product prices and features to make a better decision with less effort.

One of the numerous disadvantages of online shopping is that many shoppers enjoy shopping with others and it is often a good way to make social connections. When shopping independently online, that enjoyment is lost.

Privacy is the number one reason that non-online shoppers do not shop online. Almost 95% of Web users have declined to provide personal information to Web sites at one time or another when asked.

Because one needs money to buy a computer and to have internet connection, online shopping seems to be limited to people with a reasonable amount of income. Also since it is harder to learn to use computers at an older age, elderly people tend to shop at traditional retail stores. Another reason some people do not shop on line is that they are worried that the products will not be what they have expected by viewing online.

1. 1. Circle the correct answer.

1. The text is mainly about _______________.

1. how to shop online B) how to use the internet

3. why old people do not shop online D) the advantages and disadvantages of shopping online

2. How does shopping online benefit society?

1. by protecting people's privacy B) by encouraging people to socialize more

C) by saving human resources D) all of the above answers are correct

3. Which of the following sentences is NOT true?

1. Online shopping can be risky. B) Older people prefer to shop online.

C) Privacy is the number one concern for online shoppers. D)Consumers desire a wider variety of products to choose from.

4. Which of the following in NOT an advantage of online shopping?

1. Privacy B) variety C) convenience D) price comparison

5. One reason some people choose not to shop online is _____________ .

1. to protect their privacy B) because they don't have a computer

C) they don't know how to use a computer D) all of the above answers are correct

6. What does the word consumers mean in this sentence? "Online shopping allows consumers to shop in the convenience of their own home, …"

1. Sellers B) buyers C)workers D) home owners

7. What does the word primary mean in this sentence? "Researchers indicate convenience as the ' primary objective ' of online shopping."

1. Important B) hidden C) the least important D) the most important

8. What does the word benefits mean in this sentence? "Online shopping benefits both the society as a whole and individuals."

1. 2. Hurts B) helps C) hinders D) heals

9. What does the word vendors mean in this sentence? "Consumers are also freed from the pressure to buy from the vendors and can spend more time to make wise purchase decisions."

1. Sellers B) buyers C) workers D) home owners

10. What does the word variety mean in this sentence? There is an infinite variety of products available online…."

1. Many B) selection C) choose D) couple

11. According to the article, online shopping is limited to ________________?

1. wealthy people B) lonely people C) old people D) social people

12. The main purpose of the article is to _________________.

1. get more people to shop online B) warn people of the dangers of online shopping

C) explain the pros and cons of shopping online D) encourage people to buy computers

Unit 4

Nature and the Human

Environmental pollution. Radiation

Weather. Weather forecast

1. Look at the new words. Read them and translate. Read the text and do the activities below.

environment, pollution, to dirty, to poison, fertilizer, pesticide, to scatter rubbish, to operate motor vehicle, global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, disastrous process, survival, marine life, to reduce, to grow crops, to benefit, exhaust from cars, to provide transportation, to discharge, to ruin soil, to lessen the amount of pollution, to enforce laws

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Environment pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their surroundings. People dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water with chemicals and other substances, and damage the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides. People also pollute their surroundings in various other ways. They ruin natural beauty by scattering rubbish and litter on the land and in the water. They operate motor vehicles that fill the air with the noise.

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity today. It causes global warming, destruction of the ozone layer and other disastrous processes. Air, water and soil – all harmed by pollution – are necessary to the survival of all living things. Badly polluted air can cause illness and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land available for growing crops. Environmental pollution also brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful world.

The pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious. It is complicated because much pollution is caused by things that benefit people. Exhaust from cars causes a large percentage of all air pollution, but the car provides transportation for millions of people. Factories discharge much of the material that pollutes air and water, but factories provide jobs for people and produce goods that people want. Too many fertilizers or pesticides can ruin soil, but they are important aids for the growing of crops.

Thus, to end or greatly reduce pollution immediately, people would have to stop using many things that benefit them. But pollution can be gradually reduced. Scientists and engineers should work hard to find the ways to lessen the amount if pollution that such things as cars and factories cause. Governments should enforce laws that require enterprises or individuals to stop or to reduce certain polluting activities.

1. Answer the question.

1. What is environmental pollution?

2. How do people pollute their environment?

3. How do people ruin the natural beauty of our planet?

4. What does environmental pollution cause?

5. Why is the problem of pollution complicated?

6. What can we do to stop pollution?

2. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations in the box.

energy-saving, a part of it, air pollution, oxygen, breath, countryside,

movements, take care, extinct and endangered, deforestation

1. People should live closer to nature because we are …

2. Many people prefer to live in the …

3. The big city is always synonymous with high … from vehicles or industry.

4. People can't live without …

5. I would never cut down trees they let us …

6. Seventy per cent of land animals and plants live in forests and many cannot survive the … that destroys their homes.

7. Land degradation leads to an increasing number of … animals.

8. To save our planet we must … of it.

9. The least we can do is try and adopt some … methods.

10. Our company supports ecological organizations and ….

3. Put the words under the following headings: Natural Disasters, Man-made Disasters, Harmful Products and Pollutants.

flood, aerosole, hurricane, greenhouse gases, inorganic (synthetic) fertilizer, earthquake, noise pollution, tornado, global warming, volcanic eruption, oil spill, pesticide, tsunami, nuclear radiation contamination

2. Read the text and say what kinds of water pollution did you learn?

WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater), very often by human activities. Water pollution is the second most imperative environmental concern along with air pollution. Any change or modification in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water that will have a detrimental consequence on living things is water pollution.

Water pollution affects drinking water, rivers, lakes and oceans all over the world. In many developing countries, it is usually a leading cause of death, by people drinking from polluted water sources. More to this, water pollution affects not only individual living species, but also populations and entire functioning ecosystems that exist in the waters.

Types of pollution

1. Nutrients Pollution

Some wastewater, fertilizers and sewage contain high levels of nutrients. If they end up in water bodies, they encourage algae and weed growth in the water. This will make the water undrinkable, and even clog filters.

Too much algae will also use up all the oxygen in the water, and other water organisms in the water will die out of oxygen from starvation.

2. Microbiological. In many communities in the world, people drink untreated water (straight from a river or stream). Sometimes there is natural pollution caused by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria and protozoa. This natural pollution can cause fishes and other water life to die. They can also cause serious illness to humans who drink from such waters.

3. Suspended Matter. Some pollutants (substances, particles and chemicals) do not easily dissolve in water. This kind of material is called particulate matter. Some suspended pollutants later settle under the water body. This can harm and even kill aquatic life that live at the floor of water bodies.

4. Chemical Water Pollution. Many industries and farmers work with chemicals that end up in water. These include chemicals that are used to control weeds, insects and pests. Metals and solvents from industries can pollute water bodies. These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and may slow their development, make them infertile and kill them.

5. Oil Spillage. Oil spills usually have only a localized effect on wildlife but can spread for miles. The oil can cause the death of many fish and stick to the feathers of seabirds causing them to lose the ability to fly. Do you remember the BP Oil spill in 2010? Over 1,000 animals (birds, turtles, mammals) were reported dead, including many already on the endangered species list. Of the animals affected by the spill that are still alive only about 6% have been reported cleaned, but many biologists and other scientists predict they will die too from the stress caused by the pollution.

3. Read the text and answer the questions.

PROBLEMS WITH WATER

We all need water. The problem is there is often too much or too little. And there are other problems. When it rains a lot the level of the rivers rises. The water runs over the banks. People drown. Their cars and houses ruined. Animals drown, too. Many big cities in Asia, Latin America and Europe often have floods.

Sometimes it doesn't rain for a long time. Plants die. Animals die, too. People have no food. Many countries in Africa have problems with droughts. Every year these droughts get worse and worse.

Industry always pollutes water with chemicals. Some farmers use too many chemicals. These chemicals enter the rivers and lakes. They kill the plants and fish.

The world is getting warmer, so water levels are rising. Climates are changing. Some countries are becoming hotter and drier. This affects agriculture.

People want to control global warming, but they can't agree about the best solutions.

(By Susan Holden, from topics, MacMillan Education, 2006)

1. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. Does it rain a lot in Latin America and Europe?

2. Why do animals and plants die in Africa?

3. Do people agree about global warming solutions?

2. Match each idea with the corresponding paragraph.

3. Imagine you are a militant in a 'Green' political party .Write a paragraph of about seven lines to announce the program which your party will implement if it wins the elections.

You can start like this:

Our planet is in danger because of pollution, we should all agree about the best solutions to save it.

1. If you vote for us, we will ……. To plant trees / to ban traffic in towns / build recycling factories / to clean the polluted rivers ……. .

2. As soon as we take office, we will...... To oblige factories to re-use old bottles / to impose taxes on polluting factories / on cigarettes/ to create jobs for street sweepers.

4. Read the text and do the activities.

WHAT IS GREENHOUSE EFFECT

A greenhouse is a building made of grass where you can grow flowers and other plants need a lot of warmth.

How it works

The sun shines through the glass and warms the greenhouse; and the roof and walls stop the heat from getting out.

Our Greenhouse

The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of invisible gases (with names like carbon dioxide) that act like a greenhouse. The sun shines in, and the blanket of gases traps the heat like a roof, keeping it close to the planet. That's good – we can't live without warmth.

What's going on?

Factories, electric power plants and cars

are making a lot of new gases.

Even when trees are cut down they give off gases! These new gases are trapping more and more of the sun's heat. This is called the greenhouse effect or global warning.

What can happen?

If the earth's temperature gets hotter by just a few degrees, it could change the weather all over the planet in big ways. Places that are warm would become too hot to live in, and places that are cold would become warm. The places that grow most our food could get hot to grow crops anymore.

Every kid can help stop the greenhouse effect by using less energy, protecting and planting trees, and by recycling so factories don't need to work as hard to make things.

1. Find equivalents for the following words and word combinations.

нужно много тепла, задерживает жару, как крыша, близко к планете, вырубается, глобальное потепление, всего на несколько градусов, сделанный из стекла

2. Say whether the following statements are true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. The roof and walls of a greenhouse keep the heat from getting out.

2. The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of invisible gases.

3. This blanket traps the heat like a roof.

4. Factories can't make a lot of gases.

5. Cutting down trees gives off gases.

6. The Earth's temperature gets hotter.

7. Some places become too hot to live.

8. This process is called the global effect.

3. Answer the questions.

1. What is a greenhouse?

2. What keeps the heat from getting out?

3. What is our planet surrounded by?

4. How do the gases act?

5. What is making a lot of gases?

6. What do we call the global warming?

7. What can happen if the earth's temperature gets hotter?

4. Retell the text according to the plan.

• How the greenhouse works.

• The greenhouse around the Earth.

• Trapping the sun's heat.

• What can happen

• Our mission.

5. Tell how we can stop the greenhouse effect. How else can you help our fragile planet?

5. Read the text and do the activities.

ACID RAIN

Up in the sky

When we look up, we see the clouds and the blue sky. But there are other things in the sky that we don't see. Some of these are harmful to the Earth.

What happens

When power plants burn coal to make electricity and cars burn gasoline; invisible gases are released into the air. Some of these gases can mix with water and make it acidic, like lemon juice or vinegar.

What can happen

Sometimes the gases get into the rain clouds where they get mixed in with rain or snow. Then the acidic falls back to earth with the rain or snow. This is called acid rain.

Bad news

Acid rain is extremely harmful to plants, rivers and lakes, and the creatures that live in them. In some places it is killing forests. And it pollutes the water that animals and people need to drink.

Your mission

It's very important for us to stop making acid rain. One good way to do it is to drive our cars less. Another way is to save energy. The less energy we use, the less coal those power plants will have to burn.

You and your family can save energy in lots of ways. Saving energy means saving the Earth.

1. Find equivalents for the following words and word-combinations.

Когда мы смотрим вверх, мы не видим, как лимонный сок, кислотный дождь, меньше ездить на машине, придется сжигать, невидимые газы, смешиваться с дождем, уничтожать лес

2. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.

1. When we look up we don't see harmful things.

2. Power plants burn coal to make electricity.

3. Invisible gases are not released into the air.

4. Gases cannot get mixed with rain or snow.

5. The acid rain falls back to earth.

6. Acid rain is harmful for people not for plants and rivers.

7. Our mission is to stop making acid rain.

3. Find in the text the answers for the following questions.

1. What can and can't we see when we look up?

2. How are invisible gases released into the air?

3. What makes gases acidic?

4. What is called acid rain?

5. Why is acid rain so harmful?

6. How can we stop making acid rain?

4. Retell the text according to the plan.

Up in the sky

What happens

What can happen

Bad news

Our mission

6. Read the text and do the activities.

THE OZONE HOLE

The ozone layer

Up in the sky above the air we breathe, there is a layer of gas called the ozone. It helps us by blocking out rays from the sun that can harm our skin, and by letting the rays that are good for us come through. We're lucky to have the ozone layer to protect us.

What's happening?

Now the ozone layer is being damaged by gases that people have made. The gases are called CFCs and halons. They are used in refrigerators, fire extinguishers, air conditioners, plastic foam and some other things.

How it happens

The CFCs float to the top of the atmosphere where the ozone layer is and "eat up" the layer.

Our mission

Scientists are very concerned about the ozone layer, because a lot of it has disappeared in just a few years. So it's very important that we learn to do something about it.

We can all help to stop the ozone layer from disappearing!

1. Find equivalents for the following words and word-combinations.

Воздух, которым мы дышим, задерживает лучи, огнетушители, пластиковая пена, поглощает озон, приносить вред нашей коже, слой газа

2. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.

1. The ozone layer helps us by blocking out rays from the sun.

2. The ozone rays can harm our skin.

3. The ozone layer can't protect us.

4. The air conditioners don't damage the ozone layer.

5. A lot of ozone layer has gone away in a few years.

3. Find in the text the answers for the following questions.

1. Where is the ozone layer?

2. How does it help us?

3. What damages the ozone layer?

4. The gases "eat up" the ozone, don't they?

5. Why are scientists concerned about the ozone layer?

4. Retell the text according to the plan.

The ozone layer

The role of this layer

The damage of the layer

How it happens

Our mission

4. Read the text carefully then do the activities.

DEFORESTATION

The Amazon forest covers five million square kilometers, an area as big as the whole Europe excluding Russia. It contains one third of the world's trees. However, the trees are disappearing. By 1974, a quarter of the forest had already been cut down. In the following year, 1975, four per cent of the remaining trees went. If the destruction of the forest continues at the same rate, there will be nothing left in a few years.

Scientists say that the disappearance of trees is already causing changes in the climate. In Peru, there is less snow than before on the high peaks of the Andes Mountains. In Bolivia there is very little rain.

What will happen if more of the Amazon forest is cut down? According to climatologists if the Amazon forest disappears, there will be less oxygen and it will be difficult for us to breathe, the temperature will rise, the ice-caps at the North and the South poles will melt. Even the sea level will rise. Therefore, seaside cities will be flooded.

Scientists do not agree about the calculations which can be done in different ways with different results. But all the scientists agree that if we destroy the Amazon forest, it will be an environmental suicide. Life on earth will become difficult, and it may become impossible.

A) Say whether the following statements are true or false.

1) The Amazon forest is bigger than Europe.

2) It contains most of the world's trees.

3) Deforestation leads to climate change.

4) If the Amazon forest is destroyed, the coastal towns will be under water.

B) Answer the following questions according to the text.

1) How big is the Amazon forest?

2) Why is the Amazon forest so important?

3) What will happen if it ever disappears?

C) Match words with their synonyms.

1) whole a) go up

2) climate b) result

3) rise c) complete

4) consequence d) weather

E) Join these pairs of sentences with –therefore, -though, -because, -so that

1) Paper is indispensable in our live. We must take care of how to use it.

2) We have to recycle wasted paper. Our earth has limited natural resources.

3) A lot of trees have been cut down. Millions of species have lost their habitat.

4) Deforestation is harmful to the earth. We continue to cut down trees.

F) Write a short essay (50-100 words).

Trees are essential for humans, animals and nature. Explain.

-Provide oxygen - provide wood and fruit

-Absorb CO2 - stop the desert

5. Read the text and do the activities.

FUTURE FORESTS

Bill Morell is the founder of Future Forests, an organization that deals with the complex environmental problem of global warming. His solution to saving our planet is quite simple. It involves planting trees around the world to help absorb the carbon dioxide that is being created.

The average US or UK citizen has a lifestyle that annually produces 11 tons of CO2. Future Forests plants trees for $3 each and aims to give people the power to repair the damage that they've caused to the environment. Trees naturally absorb CO2 and/ in its place, produce oxygen. Future Forests helps us to understand the damage we are doing to the environment by explaining it in simple basic terms. For example, it takes five trees to absorb the CO2 produced by one car. Six trees will neutralize all the CO2 released by a refrigerator over its lifetime, while it takes four trees to absorb the CO2 produced by using a washing machine for six years.

As people see the connection between planting a tree and CO2 absorption, it makes them more aware of the direct role they are playing in polluting the environment, while showing them how they can help repair the damage.

Future Forests has attracted support from actors, artists, businessmen, governments and more that 10,000 ordinary citizens around the world. The foundation has planted over 148,000 trees in 55 forest sited in India, Mexico and the UK. Recycling the world's air is no easy task. Morel explains that the members of Future Forests are aware that they are entering a long-term commitment to the environment and that we can all do our part to save our planet, one tree at a time.

1. What is the article about?

A) Bill Morell's life B) Recycling C) Planting trees to save the planet D) Deforestation

2. What is Future Forests' goal?

A) To create forests for people B) to create CO2 C) to help people participate in preserving the environment D) to collect money to save our forests

3. Which is true?

A) Future Forests is only supported by celebrities B) Trees can replace CO2 with oxygen C) damage to the atmosphere is permanent D) Average citizen are not responsible for air pollution

4. If you plant six trees, you absorb the CO2 emissions produced by using

A) your car for twenty years B) your refrigerator for its lifetime C) your washing machine for ten years D) all your electrical appliances for one year

5. How can people save the planet according to the article?

A) By understanding the world's environmental problems B) By not using electrical appliances C) By reducing CO2 emissions and planting more trees D) By giving up bad habits

6. Read the text and do the activities below.

ANIMALS IN DANGER

At present a thousand species are almost extinct because we hunt them or damage their environment. Here are some of the animals in danger. The World Wildlife Fund is fighting to save them.

The French priest Pierre David was the first European to see a giant panda in China in 1869. Today the giant panda is one of the rarest species in the world. There are perhaps only 300 of them left. It likes to live in bamboo forests, but these are slowly disappearing.

The giant panda can live up to 20 years, and a big male can weigh 150 kilograms. A new-born panda weighs only 125 grams and measures less than 15 centimeters. The female panda is 800 times heavier than the baby at birth; and the baby is 3-4 months old before it can crawl. It is pinkish-white at birth without dark markings and the familiar black eyes.

Fortunately the Chinese Government now protects the panda, so it should survive. the World Wildlife Fund uses the panda as its symbol.

The story of the whale has been another great wildlife tragedy. Some of these are the largest animals that have ever lived. A blue whale can weigh over 125 tonnes. Whales are mammals, not fish and they are highly intelligent. They send messages to each over very long distances with high-pitched sounds.

Whales are now in great danger because hunters have killed too many of them. Modern ships and machines have made it easy to hunt these animals, and they are often killed in a very painful way. Some countries have agreed to protect the whale, but others haven't and still kill too many.

1. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. The World Wildlife Fund is an organization fighting to save animals in danger.

2. It uses the whale and the panda as its symbols.

3. At present about ten hundred species are almost extinct.

4. It happens because people hunt them.

5. Today the panda is one of the rarest species in the world.

6. Whales and giant pandas are in great danger.

7. A whale is a giant fish: a blue whale can weigh over 125 tonnes.

8. Whales communicate with each other with high-pitched sounds.

9. Fortunately the Chinese government now protects whales.

10. Nevertheless, other countries still kill too many of them.

7. Read the text and fill in the gaps.

IN DANGER

dinosaurs species lay endangered extinct

crabs habitat reptiles hole magical

Sea turtles are (1) _________ that have a protective shell and live in the ocean. sea turtles have existed for 125 million years, since the time of the (2) _________, but now each of the remaining eight 83) _________ of sea turtles are listed as threatened or (4) _________. One of the most (5) _________ sights you can see is the annual nesting ceremony of the giant sea turtle. Thousands of these creatures leave the ocean to (6) _________ their eggs. Year after year, they instinctively return to the beach where they themselves hatched. They dig a (7) _________ in the sand and release up to 150 eggs at a time. Most of the eggs will never hatch, for they will be eaten by predator birds, (8) _________, or insects. These days the worst enemy of the turtle is man. He takes their eggs and kills the adults for their shells. The turtle's nesting (9) _________ is disappearing fast, developed for tourism. If more is not done to protect it, this ancient creature will soon be (10) _________.

8. Read the text; fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

Greenpeace, oxygen, jungle rain forests, ecology,

breathing, nature, wildlife, flora and fauna

WHO CAN SAVE OUR PLANET?

People depend on the planet, on the Sun, on animals and plants around them. People must take care of the Earth. Our … becomes worse and worse with every new day. People destroy … and cut down trees to make furniture. They forget that they can't live without trees and plants because they fill the air with …. Oxygen is necessary for our …We can't stay indifferent to these problems.

There are a lot of special organizations which are trying to save our nature. One of them is …. Their aim is to help… to survive, to rescue animals, to save …which are in danger of destruction. We must find the right way to save our land, people and animals. We must take care of …because we are part of it.

1. Talk about how we can save our nature using the following prompts.

People depend on …

At present …are in danger.

To save our planet we must …

To save natural resources I …(don't let the water run while rinsing or when washing dishes by hand, use the blank sides of used paper, etc)

I would like /wouldn't like to take part in … because

2. Describe your personal ways of saving natural resources. Think of the following.

• reusable shopping bags

• reusable tableware

• rechargeable batteries

• walking and biking whenever possible

• viewing bank statements on screen

Самостоятельная работа

1. 1. 1. 1. Read the text and choose one of best titles for each paragraph. There is one title that you don't need to use.

A threat to life

A chemical reaction

Fact or fiction?

The need for change

Blame it on energy

What can be done?

ACID RAIN

Can you imagine a world where acid rain falls out of the sky? It sounds like something from science fiction, but it happens every day on planet Earth. Acid rain is a serious environmental problem which is getting worse all the time. It destroys buildings, plants and wildlife. And it is slowly poisoning the entire planet.

Acid rain is caused by cars and lorries, factories and electric power plants that use fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. In recent years we have used more and more fossil fuels to provide energy for our homes and business. as a result the amount of acid rain has increased dramatically.

When fossil fuels are burned they release gases called sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. These gases mix with water to form clouds of dangerous acids.

When rain falls from these clouds it is highly acidic and causes a great deal of damage to our planet. Acid rain damages many different kinds of plants, including crops and trees which provide us with food. It also pollutes our lakes and streams and consequently the fish and the animals that drink it. Various species of plants and wildlife are in danger of becoming extinct as a result of acid rain.

So how can we prevent acid rain from completely destroying our planet? The answer is simple. We must cut down as much as possible on our use of fossil fuels. We should find alternative forms of energy, such as solar power, to supply our homes and business, and use public transportation instead of private cars. Only by doing this we can save our planet from acid rain.

1. 1. 1. 2. Read the text and do the activities below.

AL GORE – "TIME"

Those are values I learned first-hand as a young boy on my family's farm in Tennessee. W hen we consider a subject as sweeping as the environment, we often focus on its most tangible aspects – the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we put on the table. Those things are critically important. But to me the environment is also about something less tangible, though no less important. It is about our sense of community – the obligation we have to each other, and to future generations, to safeguard God's earth. It is about our sense of responsibility, and the realization that natural beauty and resources that took millions of years to develop could be damaged and depleted in a matter of decades. We didn't call it environmentalism back then ; it was simply common sense .

Today the threats to our environment are even clearer to see – and much greater in scope and number. "We live in a world where climate change, deforestation, holes in the ozone layer and air pollution are growing sources of concern . Our challenge is to find new ways to address those problems by reaching back to our oldest values of community and responsibility – by inspiring a greater respect for the land and the resources we share – even as economies and societies advance and develop around the world.

Fortunately, as I have raised a family of my own, I have learned that we have millions of powerful allies in this cause: our children. It is often children who remind their parents to recycle their cans or to bundle their newspapers. It is often children who remind their parents of the simple miracles of nature – the crops that come from our farms, the parks and lakes and campsites where families and communities gather.

If we are to protect and preserve our environment on a global scale, we all must do our part, as nations, as families and as individuals. The need for awareness has never been greater, and the opportunity for us to make a difference is just as great. If we practise and teach the right kind of care and commitment for our environment, it will continue not only to bring us its natural gifts, but also to bring us together.

Source: Al Gore, TIME, November 1997 (abridged)

.

1. Complete according to the text .

   1. The topic "environment" is commonly associated with …

   2. However, Al Gore thinks differently. Most important for him is not only …

   3. Nowadays the greatest threats to our planet are …

   4. Today children …

   5. The environment will be clean and beautiful again if …

2. Fill in the gaps with words from the box below.

rise higher sustainable melt Earth extinct

heat water takes up biodiversity greenhouse glaciers

RISING SEA LEVEL

The 4… goes higher up the beach when a tide comes in. At most shores throughout the world, two high tides and two low tides occur every day. But now the level of the sea is rising, so high tides are 5 … than they were before. Over the last 100 years, the level of the sea has risen about 6-8 inches worldwide. When the sea level rises, the tide goes farther up the beach. Scientists think the sea has risen partly because of melting 6 … and sea ice. When some glaciers 7 … , they release water into the sea and make it higher than it was before. Scientists also think that warmer temperatures in the sea make it rise even more. 8 …. makes water expand. When the ocean expands, it 9 … more space. If careful action is not taken 10 … might become 11 … . So, what is at stake is our 12 … . life on the planet.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment

3. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.

1. ___________________ are the lungs of the Earth.

2. ___________________ contains harmful chemicals that damage trees, crops and buildings

3. 3. The _________________ protects all life from the sun's harmful radiation.

4. 4. Climate change is a tremendous threat to wildlife _______________ and to their survival.

5. 5. March 24, 2009 is the 20 ^th anniversary of one of history's worst man-made environmental disasters: the oil tanker Exxon Valdez struck a reef in Alaska and caused one of the most devastating _____________________ ever.

6. If ______________________________ continues on this scale, the icecaps will melt and the sea level will rise.

7. People who live in industrialized areas face a higher risk of developing serious diseases due to the high level of ___________________.

8. ___________________ in the Amazon rainforest region has led to the __________________ of 26 animal and plant species, a UN report said.

9. Millions of people in Africa face starvation as a result of the long periods of _____________.

4. Essay writing - Environmental issues – write about 150-200 words.

" Climate change is having a real impact on the lives of the individuals and communities around the world . We must do something about it" Kofi Annan

 Do you worry about the environment and the future of planet Earth?

 What are some of the world environmental problems? Refer to major threats on the planet.

 In your opinion, what are the possible solutions to solve some of the environmental problems we have to face nowadays? Do you think teenagers nowadays are more aware of the state of the planet? What are they willing to do to protect it?

1. 1. 1. 3. Read the text and do the activities below.

We're asking the wrong questions about conservation

James Watson - The Guardian, Monday 29 July 2013

When looking at the best way to protect wildlife from the growing climate change crisis, conservation scientists usually ignore the most significant impact on fauna and flora: the changes that global warming causes in the behaviour of humans and resultant effects on the living world and natural processes. Those effects are already causing many of the climate-related ecological changes that we are seeing across the globe.

For example, the opening up of the Arctic for oil and gas because of sea-ice reduction directly impacts polar biodiversity. Expansion of agricultural activities due to changes in rainfall in the mountains of Africa's Albertine Rift and the valleys of the Congo Basin now put gorilla habitat at risk there.

Elsewhere, the construction of ineffective seawalls in Papua New Guinea to slow down the impact of sea-level rise has caused the complete destruction of some of the most biodiverse coral reefs in the world. Increasing temperatures across the Tibetan plateau also contribute to a change in the balance between indigenous herders and wildlife.

The list is endless but it is not all negative. For example, in the Maya Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala, efforts by local communities to control a growing number of wildfire incidents are having a positive impact on vulnerable populations of threatened species like jaguar.

However, some people could say that in their work on climate change, conservation scientists have forgotten a basic concept of our field: that conservation is fundamentally about people.

A look at the literature shows that in 2013, more than 6,500 papers related to climate change have been published in conservation journals. The majority of them examine how and where future changes in temperature and rainfall can make species more vulnerable.

It's true that direct threats to species are often less difficult to identify, quantify and predict, but indirect threats can often be much more significant and permanent. This is also true with climate change. For example, the risk for a national park to become the best place to grow food can be the most relevant threat to species there.

The wrong direction of conservation science in terms of climate change is not because of not enough data or no time to do relevant research. It is more basic than that. We're asking the wrong questions.

Understanding the ecology of species and possible responses to climate change is helpful, but understanding how humans are going to be affected by climate and what impact this will cause on those species is much more important.

As a conservationist who has spent his career looking at climate change impacts, I have stopped worrying about how species are going to respond and begun focusing on how human adaptations will affect those species. It is clear to me that this is what our immediate priority should be.

Failure to predict human adaptations to climate change brings us to a future of emergency responses that are completely inadequate to the needs for this century. With greater attention to this subject, we can focus on conservation resources and work more effectively and efficiently with what many of us believe to be the greatest global challenge of our time.

Adapted from:

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/29/conservation-climate-change-species

a) Using your own words, explain the meaning of the title.

b) The author presents two points of view. Which are they? Explain in your own words.

c) How does the author defend his point of view? Mention at least one argument that he uses for this purpose.

d) What is the situation of wildlife protection in our country? Explain.

Unit 5

State administration

Law institutions

1. Read the text and do the activities below.

1. Match the words with their definition.

lower house

the head of state

the Parliament of the Russian Federation

a written proposal for a new law, which is brought before parliament

the standard unit of money in Russia

a set of pictures painted on a shield and used as a special sign of the state

the chairman of the Government

the main political party

the official song of a nation that is sung or played on public occasions

the Upper House

1. the State Duma

2. United Russia

3. a bill

4. the President

5. the Federal Assembly

6. the rouble

7. the Federation Council

8. the Prime Minister

9. coat of arms

10. national anthem

2. Answer the questions.

1. Are you interested in politics? Why? / Why not?

2. How do you stay informed on current events in Russia?

3. Do you discuss politics with your friends / relatives?

4. Do you have the right to vote? Do you vote? Why? / Why not?

THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA

The Russian Federation was set up by the Constitution of 1993. After its destruction in 1991, the Soviet Union was broken up into independent Russia and 14 other new sovereign nations.

The Russian Federation is a presidential (or constitutional) republic. The President is the head of state and is elected directly by the people. He controls all three branches of power. The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, he makes treaties and enforces laws, appoints the prime minister, cabinet members and key judges. The President can override and in some cases even dissolve the national parliament, the bicameral Federal Assembly. The President has his administration, but it is not part of the Federal Government. The President is involved in the work of the legislative and executive branches.

The government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President. The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of the Federation Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house). The members of the State Duma are elected by popular vote for a four-year period. The Federation Council is not elected. It is formed of the heads of the regions. Each Chamber is headed by the Chairman. Legislature is initiated in the State Duma, but to become a law a bill must be approved by the lower and upper houses and signed by the President. The executive power belongs to the Government. The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and regional courts.

3. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. The Russian Federation is a parliamentary monarchy.

2. The President is the head of state and is elected by the State Duma.

3. The President is involved in the work of the legislative and judicial branches of power.

4. The government consists of the Federal Assembly and the Federation Council.

5. The executive power is vested in the Federal Assembly.

6. The Federation Council is elected by popular vote.

7. The Federal Council is formed by the heads of the regions.

8. Each Chamber of the Federation Council is checked and balanced by the President.

9. The Legislative power is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and regional courts.

10. The Russian Federation was set up by the Constitution in 1991.

4. Read the texts and fill in the gaps with the words from the table.

privatization, was elected, disintegration, International Monetary Fund, economic crisis, radical changes, liberalization

Yeltsin … President of Russia in June 1991, in the first direct presidential election in Russian history. During and after the Soviet … wide-ranging reforms including … and market and trade … were undertaken, including … along the lines of "shock therapy" as recommended by the United States and the …. All this resulted in a major … characterized by 50%decline of both CDP and industrial output between 1990-1995.

voluntary, deputies, ballot, Federal Assembly, expression, election

… of the State Duma of the … Russian Federation shall be elected by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret …. Participation of a Russian Federation citizen in the … shall be free and …. Nobody shall compel a Russian Federation citizen to participate in the election or shall prevent free … of his will.

5. Speak about the political structure of Russia using the following prompts.

I'd like to tell about …

The Russian Federation was set up …

Politically it is …

The head of the state is …

His functions are …

There are three branches of power …

The Federal Assembly consists of …

The State Duma is elected by …

The Federation Council is formed of …

The legislative power …

The executive power …

The judicial power …

6. The national symbols are a part of the cultural heritage of every country. Find pictures and collect information on the three national symbols of Russia (the National Flag, the National Anthem, the National Coat of Arms).

2. Read the text and do the activities below.

GOVERNMENT IN THE UK

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy . This means that Great Britain is governed by the Parliament and the Queen is Head of State .

The legislative power in the country is exercised by the Houses of Parliament. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons . The House of Lords is composed of hereditary and life peers and peeresses . The members of the House of Commons are elected by the people . They are elected from the constituencies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The House of Commons is the real governing body of the United Kingdom. It has 650 members, called Members of Parliament or MPs. The House of Lords has over 1000 members.

The government brings bills (suggested new laws) to the House of Commons, where they are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but goes not have the power to stop it from becoming law. When the bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them, and if they are passed they are signed by the Queen or King and become Acts of Parliament, which means that they become part of British Law.

In 1997, the people of Scotland and Wales voted for devolution which means that they will have their own separate parliaments, known as the Scottish Parliament or the Scottish Assembly, and the Welsh Parliament or the Welsh Assembly. Westminster will continue to deal with things such as foreign affairs, defense and immigration, and the Scottish and Welsh parliaments will deal with things such as health, education, transport, and the environment.

The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet . The government is usually formed by the political party which is supported by the majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is the majority party leader and is appointed by the Queen. The Prime Minister chooses a team of ministers ; twenty of the ministers are in the Cabinet.

The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and the Shadow Cabinet . The two leading parties in Great Britain are the Conservative Party (the Tories) and the Labour Party.

The judiciary branch of the government determines common law and is independent of both the legislative and the executive branches.

There is no written constitution in Great Britain, only precedents and traditions.

The organizations that are responsible for local government in the UK are called councils. Their main job is to provide local service such as schools, libraries, and the Fire Service. They are also responsible for the local environment, and take rubbish from people's houses and clean the streets.

WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS

Head of State – глава государства

the legislative power – законодательная власть

to be exercised by – осуществляться ( чем - либо )

the House of Lords – палата лордов

the House of Commons – палата общин

to be composed of smb – состоять из кого - либо

hereditary and life peers – наследственные и пожизненные лорды, пэры

a peeress - пэресса

to be elected from a constituency – избираться от избирательного округа

the real governing body – реальный правящий орган

the executive power – исполнительная власть

to be supported by the majority – поддерживаться большинством

the majority party leader – лидер партии большинства

to be appointed by – назначаться ( кем - либо )

the Shadow Cabinet – теневой кабинет

the judiciary branch of the government – судебная ветвь власти

branch – ветвь власти

a precedent – прецедент

The Queen is Head of State

real governing body

3. Read the text and do the activities below.

GOVERNMENT IN THE USA

There are three levels of government in the US – federal, state, and local. All of these are elected by the people of the country.

The federal government is the national government of the US. The Constitution of the US limits the power of the federal government to defense, foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is made up of Congress, the President and the Supreme Court.

Congress is the institution that makes laws, and is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives has 435 members called Representatives or Congressmen and Congresswomen, who are elected by the people of a state to represent that state. The number of Representatives for each state depends on the size of the population of the state. The Senate has 100 members called Senators who are elected by their state. Each state has two Senators.

State government has the greatest influence over people's daily lives. Each state has its own written constitution (set of fixed rules). There are sometimes great differences in law between the different states, concerning things such as property, crime, health and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor.

The organizations that are responsible for local government in the US are called town or city or county councils. They make laws which concern things such as traffic, when and where alcohol may be sold and keeping animals. The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the Major.

Every law at every level of government must be in agreement with the United States Constitution.

The USA is a presidential republic.

1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the table.

Labor _ Republican _ Senate _ Conservative _ Commons _ Member of Parliament

Liberal Democrat _ Lords _ Democrat _ House of Representatives

British National Party _ The white House _ 659 _ 1918 _ 1869

• The main political parties in the UK are … & .. &… but the main ones in the US are …. & …. .

• The 2 houses of parliament in the UK are…. & ... but the 2 houses of congress in the US are … & ….. .

• One of the more radical parties in the UK is …………….. .

• MP stands for ……………………. & the number of MPs in the UK is ……….

• In the UK women got the vote in ………… but in the US it happened in ………. .

• The president of the US lives in ……………….. .

2. Read the following text and translate it.

THE CONSTITUTION

The Constitution was written in September 1787, but it had been finally ratified by all the states only in1790. Nevertheless, most Americans celebrated the ratification of the Constitution on July 4, 1788. The main principle of the Constitution is the distribution of political authority – separation of power among the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the national government, and the division of power between the states and the nation. The branches were balanced against one another, no branch could work independently.

Here are some extracts from the Constitution of the United Stated of America

ARTICLE I

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.

Section 2. the House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states (…).

No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State, in which he shall be chosen (…).

ARTICLE II

Section 1 . The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term (…).

ARTICLE II

Sections 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested on one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their service a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

1. Read the extracts from the Constitution. What is the first article devoted to? What about the second and the second articles? Can you add any other information about the contents of the Constitution?

2. Put together the jumbled word pieces.

rati

distri

legis

draw

chair

lature

back

fication

man

bution

3. Explain the meaning of the following words in English.

inferior, executive, judicial, vague

3. Read the text and translate it.

BILL OF RIGHTS

The reason why some states were slow with ratifying the Constitution was that did not contain basic rights and freedoms of people. When the first Congress started working James Madison, who had become very influential in Congress proposed nineteen amendments before the House. Only ten of them were ratified by the states, and on December 15, 1791, they became the part of the Constitution. Later they became known as the Bill of Rights. Nowadays there are 27 amendments in the Bill of Rights.

Here are the first ten amendments, proposed by James Madison:

• Amendment 1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

• Amendment 2. A well-regulating militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

• Amendment 3. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in ant house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by the law.

• Amendment 4. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and practically describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

• Amendment 5. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

• Amendment 6. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

• Amendment 7. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

• Amendment 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

• Amendment 9. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be constricted to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

• Amendment 10. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, not prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

1. Answer the questions.

1. Why were some states reluctant to ratify the Constitution?

2. What is the Bill of Rights? When was it proposed? Who proposed it?

2. Look through the Bill of Rights and make a list of freedoms guaranteed by them.

3. What do you know about the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia?

Самостоятельная работа

1. Read the text and answer the questions.

ELIZABETH II

Elizabeth II's full name is Elizabeth Alexandra Mary. She was born on June 20, 1926. She is the elder daughter of the late King George VI. She never went to school and was taught by home tutors. In 1944 she served as a counselor of state while her father was on the war front in Italy. In1947she married Prince, her distant relative, a great-great grandson of Queen Victoria. Philip adopted his mother's last name Mountbatten. Later he was created Duke of Edinburgh. A year later she gave birth to a son, Charles. In 1950 she gave birth to a daughter, Anne. Elizabeth succeeded to the throne on the death of her father in February 1952. The second son, Andrew, was born to Elizabeth in1960 and the third, Edward, in 1964.

Queen Elizabeth is very popular and much respected all over the world. She is one of the richest persons in the world. She acts as patroness for a number of charities and other organizations. She is a symbol of unity and continuity within the Commonwealth of Nations.

The royal family is also undergone changes during Elizabeth reign. Since the 1980s the public has become much more informed about the lives of the royal family due to the press. Two of Queen Elizabeth's sons, Prince Charles and Prince Andrew, separated from their wives in1992. Both separations were much discussed in newspapers. These divorces were surrounded by accusations of infidelity and damaged the reputation of the royal family.

In 1992 the Queen and Prince Charles agreed to pay income taxes on their personal income, the first time the monarchy has done so. The same year, part of Windsor Castle was seriously damaged by fire. In 1993 Buckingham Palace was opened to tourists to help pay the repair at Windsor Castle.

Answer the questions.

1. How old is Elizabeth II?

2. How many children has she got?

3. How did the public's attitude to the royal family change to the end of the 20 ^th century?

Debate

Abolish the British monarchy - Yes or No?

YES

NO

1. Although the monarch plays only a ceremonial role without political power, the monarch is still the head of state.

2. Although the monarchy doesn't have a political role, it is its symbolic features and what it represents that mean we have to abolish it. The monarchy, like slavery, sexual and class discrimination is wrong and needs to be abolished.

3. The British people have never had the chance to vote for or against a monarchy.

4. A hereditary monarchy is intolerable in a modern democratic state. Britain must become a meritocracy where people are given opportunities because of their abilities, not their birth. As long as the monarchy survives, so will the class system in Britain.

5. It is unacceptable that the British tax payer has to pay £75,000,000 a year to support one of the richest families in Britain (wealth taken from the people during previous centuries). It may generate income from tourism, but this would increase if the monarchy was abolished and all the palaces opened as museums, hotels or restaurants.

6. It is a relic of an age which no person living in

Britain should be proud of. The British empire signifies all that is wrong with society. Those who created the wealth, the working classes, were forced to live in unimaginable suffering. Abroad, Britain sold human beings into slavery, and treated inhabitants of her colonies as second-class citizens.

7. 79% of people believe that the monarchy has lost touch with society.

8. The British people don't respect the monarchy.

The bad behaviour of members of the royal family makes them unfit to be the head of this country.

1. The monarchy has no political power and is purely symbolic. The monarchy is of no real importance, so we might as well keep it.

2. The real point of the monarchy is constitutional.

The monarchy represents the state in a different identity from the politicians of the day.

3. A Head of State who does not owe his or her position to a vote can more properly represent all the people. So, the accident of birth is the best way to appoint a Head of State. Someone who has no special favours to repay. Someone who represents all people of the country equally, not just one party.

4. The monarchy does not support the class system.

Both Norway and the Netherlands are highly meritocratic societies and both are monarchies. Oppression and class injustice is rampant in South American countries, almost all of which are republics.

5. We will continue to need Heads of State: people who can represent the nation to itself and to the world. A Head of State can provide a personal identity to an impersonal State.

6. With its traditions, its history, its ceremonies, the

British monarchy represents a unique national treasure, without which the UK would be culturally impoverished.

7. The real point of the monarchy is the work the

Royals do, opening schools and hospitals, bringing

business and attracting tourists to Britain.

8. The annual cost of around £37 million is good value for money.

9. All the ceremonies around the monarchy help to create a national icon that we can be proud of.

10. The behaviour of individual Royals is irrelevant to the institution of monarchy.

2. Read the text and do the activities below.

PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY

John F. Kennedy was young and handsome. His Irish-American grandmother had been a major of Boston. His father, Joseph P. Kennedy, was a millionaire, and served as ambassador to Great Britain. John F. Kennedy took part in the Second World War. When he returned from it, he easily won a seat in the House of Representatives. Kennedy was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his work "Profiles in Courage". He told that he was the only author of the book, but in fact, his staff wrote a large part of it. Kennedy was forty-three, while his brother Robert was thirty-five. Kennedy appointed rather young men as his assistants, and they promised that they had fresh ideas how to improve American economy, and foreign and domestic policy. But at the end of his presidency he was much criticized, because he had not managed to fulfill many of his promises.

Kennedy paid much of his attention to the space development. The Soviet Union was the first country to send the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into orbit around the earth in April 1961. Americans managed to do it a month later, when Alan Shepard rode the "Mercury 3" into space. Then John Glenn flow into space in February 1962. On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. The murderer was Lee Harvey Oswald, but historians are not sure of his guilt. There are too many questions. His motive is unknown. It is also not known if he was alone, or he was hired by somebody. Two days after the assassination, Oswald was shot dead by a nightclub owner, Jack Rudy. Later it was found out that Ruby was one of Mafia figures. Again many questions appeared. Why was he killed? Did Ruby try to silence Oswald?

Kennedy' death shocked the nation. He became loved more after his death than he had been before. People were indignant about the fact that so many assassinations of those they loved happened. They did not feel safe and demanded vigorous actions from the government.

1. Characterize Kennedy's personality. Assess Kennedy's presidency.

2. Do you remember any other facts about Kennedy's assassination?

3. Read the text and do the activities below.

BILL KLINTON

One of the candidates for presidency in 1992 was William Jefferson Clinton. He had wanted to become the president all his life. Clinton did not participate in the Vietnam War. He studied in Britain. Then he graduated from Yale University. In 1979 he was chosen the governor of Arkansas. In 1983 Clinton was reelected. In his election campaign Clinton chose the right position to attract people's attention. He promised to make the educational system the best in the world; he promised to focus on domestic affairs. Clinton appointed his wife Hillary Rodham Clinton to supervise the fulfillment of health-care reform. He also promised to minimize bureaucracy and to invigorate the US economy.

Clinton had to face many problems: pollution, terrorism, AIDS, etc. in 1993 Clinton ordered to attack Baghdad.in 1999 the conflict in Yugoslavia, where the Serbs were pushing Muslims from Bosnia, gave the chance to the US to show that it is still the world policemen by devastating Yugoslavian cities with missile attacks. After the falling apart of the Soviet Union its economy became almost bankrupt and the US agreed to help Russia with large amount of money.

Bill Clinton was much criticized not only for his foreign policy but also for his private life. His extramarital affairs aroused much gossip and debate. Clinton's love affair with Monica Levinski, who decided to gain popularity from her relations with the president, had nearly led him to impeachment.

1. Why did people choose Bill Clinton their president in 1992?

2. What professional experience did Clinton have?

3. What else do you know about Bill Clinton?

4. What are the relations between Russia and the USA today?

Appendix

Dialogue

The Mothers of Invention

• Presenter: Good afternoon, and welcome to another edition of Science Today. In today's programme we are going to hear about women inventions. When we think of famous inventors we usually think of men, people like Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi, Thomas Edison. But as Sally will tell us, many of the things which make our lives easier today were invented by women.

• Sally: That's absolutely right. Let's take the dishwasher, for example. This was invented by a woman called Josephine Cochrane in 1886. She was a rich American who gave a lot of dinner parties. But she was annoyed that her servants used to break plates and glasses when they were washing them after the party. So, Josephine decided to try and invent a machine which could wash a lot of plates and glasses safely. Today the dishwasher is used by millions of people all over the world.

• The car was invented by a man, but it was a woman, Mary Anderson, who in 1903 solved one of the biggest problems of driving. Until her invention it was impossible for drivers to see where they were going when it was raining or snowing. The name of her invention? Windscreen wipers.

• A fantastic invention that definitely improved the lives of millions of people was disposable nappies. They were invented by a woman called Marion Donovan in 1950. Anybody who has a small baby will know what a big difference disposable nappies make to our lives. Today more than 55 million nappies are used every day in the world.

• A few years later in 1956, Bette Nesmith Graham was working as secretary. She used to get frustrated and angry when she made typing mistakes. In those days if you made a mistake you had to get a new sheet of paper and start again from the beginning. She had a brilliant idea which was to use a white liquid to paint over mistakes. Her invention is called Tipp-Ex today. Mrs Graham was a divorced mother and her invention made her very rich.

• And finally … policemen, soldiers and politicians all over the world are protected by something which was invented by a woman. In 1966 Stephanie Kwolek invented Kevlar, a special material which was very light but incredibly strong, much stronger than metal. This material is used to make the bullet-proof vest. Her invention has probably saved thousands of lives.

• Presenter: Thanks very much, Sally. So … of you thought that everything was invented by men, think again.

Литература для пособия

1. Мурашова Н . В . "The USA from Columbus until nowadays".

2. Primary Resources © Primary Leap Ltd. 2012 www.primaryleap.co.uk

3. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/29/conservation-climate-change-species

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment

5. Al Gore, TIME, November 1997 (abridged)

6. http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/water-pollution/what-is-water-pollution.html

At What Schools Near Me Can I Learn Cryptography

Source: https://infourok.ru/sbornik-tekstov-s-zadaniyami-po-angliyskomu-yaziku-dlya-studentov-kursa-2267675.html

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